Movement, models, and metabolism: Individual-based energy budget models as next-generation extensions for predicting animal movement outcomes across scales

Animal movement, spanning all time and space scales in nature, is constrained by the individual's available energy to spend, creating a strong link between physiology and observed movement and distribution patterns. To progress, movement ecology needs an explicit focus on common mechanisms, such as energetics, linking behaviour to fitness consequences across scales, but simplified by process-based approaches, such as individual-based models (IBMs). We review the animal movement literature, from fine-scale patch foraging to large-scale geographic migration, focussing on IBMs incorporating individual energetics (hereafter termed eIBMs).