IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecolec/v185y2021ics0921800921001002.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Effects of Bribery on Firms' Environmental Innovation Adoption in Vietnam: Mediating Roles of Firms' Bargaining Power and Credit and Institutional Constraints

Author

Listed:
  • Ha, Le Thanh
  • Nam, Pham Xuan
  • Thanh, To Trung

Abstract

This paper uses survey data of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam, from 2011 to 2015, to examine the effects of bribery on environmental innovation decisions by firms, accounting for the roles of bargaining power and/or credit and institutional constraints. In the study, bribery activities are categorized into greasing and rent-seeking forms. Self-assessment of firms on the uncertainty of government policies and the competition environment is used to capture institutional constraints, while firm size and legal registration status are used to represent bargaining power. The group of credit-constrained firms is further broken down into those that have demand for more loans and those not currently looking for a loan application. Our empirical results provide evidence that greasing bribery has a positive effect on firms' decisions about implementation of environmental innovation (the “greasing-the-wheels” hypothesis) while there is no impact from rent-seeking bribery. The positive effect of greasing bribery is particularly sizable for large, formally registered firms, or those facing no credit constraints, while specific types of institutional constraints that firms perceive as obstacles to their growth also affect the magnitude of the impact. Lastly, when endogeneity is controlled, the effect of greasing bribery becomes more pronounced and there is evidence on the “sanding-the-wheels” hypothesis of rent-seeking bribery.

Suggested Citation

  • Ha, Le Thanh & Nam, Pham Xuan & Thanh, To Trung, 2021. "Effects of Bribery on Firms' Environmental Innovation Adoption in Vietnam: Mediating Roles of Firms' Bargaining Power and Credit and Institutional Constraints," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecolec:v:185:y:2021:i:c:s0921800921001002
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107042
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800921001002
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107042?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Casey, Eddie & O'Toole, Conor M., 2014. "Bank lending constraints, trade credit and alternative financing during the financial crisis: Evidence from European SMEs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 173-193.
    2. Weill, Laurent, 2011. "How corruption affects bank lending in Russia," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 230-243, June.
    3. Giulio Cainelli & Massimiliano Mazzanti & Roberto Zoboli, 2011. "Environmentally oriented innovative strategies and firm performance in services. Micro-evidence from Italy," International Review of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(1), pages 61-85.
    4. Prashanth Mahagaonkar, 2010. "Money and Ideas," International Studies in Entrepreneurship, Springer, number 978-1-4419-1228-2, November.
    5. Martin Brown & Steven Ongena & Alexander Popov & Pinar Yeşin, 2011. "Who needs credit and who gets credit in Eastern Europe? [Interaction terms in logit and probit models]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 26(65), pages 93-130.
    6. Jessie Zhou & Mike Peng, 2012. "Does bribery help or hurt firm growth around the world?," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 29(4), pages 907-921, December.
    7. Triguero, Angela & Moreno-Mondéjar, Lourdes & Davia, María A., 2013. "Drivers of different types of eco-innovation in European SMEs," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 25-33.
    8. Acemoglu, Daron & Verdier, Thierry, 1998. "Property Rights, Corruption and the Allocation of Talent: A General Equilibrium Approach," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 108(450), pages 1381-1403, September.
    9. Yu-Shan Chen, 2008. "The Driver of Green Innovation and Green Image – Green Core Competence," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 81(3), pages 531-543, September.
    10. Horbach, Jens & Rammer, Christian & Rennings, Klaus, 2012. "Determinants of eco-innovations by type of environmental impact — The role of regulatory push/pull, technology push and market pull," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 112-122.
    11. Tomiura, Eiichi, 2007. "Effects of R&D and networking on the export decision of Japanese firms," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 758-767, June.
    12. Kurer, Oskar, 1993. "Clientelism, Corruption, and the Allocation of Resources," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 77(2), pages 259-273, October.
    13. Berger, Allen N. & Udell, Gregory F., 2006. "A more complete conceptual framework for SME finance," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(11), pages 2945-2966, November.
    14. Blackburn, Keith & Forgues-Puccio, Gonzalo F., 2009. "Why is corruption less harmful in some countries than in others?," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 72(3), pages 797-810, December.
    15. Bliss, Christopher & Di Tella, Rafael, 1997. "Does Competition Kill Corruption?," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 105(5), pages 1001-1023, October.
    16. O'Toole, Conor & Casey, Eddie, 2014. "Bank-lending Constraints, Trade Credit and Alternative External Finance since the Financial Crisis: Evidence from European SMEs," Papers RB2014/2/3, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI).
    17. Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer & Robert W. Vishny, 1998. "Law and Finance," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 106(6), pages 1113-1155, December.
    18. Rennings, Klaus, 2000. "Redefining innovation -- eco-innovation research and the contribution from ecological economics," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 319-332, February.
    19. Tam Nguyen & Martie-Louise Verreynne & John Steen, 2014. "Drivers of firm formalization in Vietnam: an attention theory explanation," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(7-8), pages 574-593, October.
    20. Vanessa Oltra, 2008. "Environmental innovation and industrial dynamics: the contributions of evolutionary economics," Post-Print hal-00391489, HAL.
    21. Bronwyn H. Hall & Nathan Rosenberg (ed.), 2010. "Handbook of the Economics of Innovation," Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, Elsevier, edition 1, volume 1, number 1.
    22. David Popp, 2009. "Policies for the Development and Transfer of Eco-Innovations: Lessons from the Literature," OECD Environment Working Papers 10, OECD Publishing.
    23. Pierre-Guillaume Méon & Khalid Sekkat, 2005. "Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of growth?," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 122(1), pages 69-97, January.
    24. Yadong Luo, 2004. "An Organizational Perspective of Corruption," Management and Organization Review, International Association of Chinese Management Research, vol. 1(1), pages 119-154, June.
    25. Nirosha Hewa Wellalage & Stuart Locke & Helen Samujh, 2019. "Corruption, Gender and Credit Constraints: Evidence from South Asian SMEs," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 159(1), pages 267-280, September.
    26. Ufere, Nnaoke & Perelli, Sheri & Boland, Richard & Carlsson, Bo, 2012. "Merchants of Corruption: How Entrepreneurs Manufacture and Supply Bribes," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 40(12), pages 2440-2453.
    27. Nguyen, Ngoc Anh & Doan, Quang Hung & Nguyen, Ngoc Minh & Tran-Nam, Binh, 2016. "The impact of petty corruption on firm innovation in Vietnam," MPRA Paper 71902, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    28. Hall, Bronwyn H. & Lerner, Josh, 2010. "The Financing of R&D and Innovation," Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, in: Bronwyn H. Hall & Nathan Rosenberg (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 0, pages 609-639, Elsevier.
    29. Trindade, Vitor, 2005. "The big push, industrialization and international trade: The role of exports," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(1), pages 22-48, October.
    30. Anna Alon & Amy Hageman, 2013. "The Impact of Corruption on Firm Tax Compliance in Transition Economies: Whom Do You Trust?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 116(3), pages 479-494, September.
    31. Fisman, Raymond & Svensson, Jakob, 2007. "Are corruption and taxation really harmful to growth? Firm level evidence," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(1), pages 63-75, May.
    32. Rafael Di Tella & Alberto Ades, 1999. "Rents, Competition, and Corruption," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(4), pages 982-993, September.
    33. Axel Dreher & Martin Gassebner, 2013. "Greasing the wheels? The impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 155(3), pages 413-432, June.
    34. Fawzi Halila, 2007. "Networks as a means of supporting the adoption of organizational innovations in SMEs: the case of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) based on ISO 14001," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(3), pages 167-181, July.
    35. David Krueger, 2008. "The Ethics of Global Supply Chains in China – Convergences of East and West," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 79(1), pages 113-120, April.
    36. Thang V. Nguyen & Ngoc T. B. Le & Ha L. H. Dinh & Huong T. L. Pham, 2020. "Do entrepreneurial firms suffer more from bribery? An empirical study of businesses in Vietnam," Post-Communist Economies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(7), pages 877-903, October.
    37. Chen, Yunling & Liu, Ming & Su, Jun, 2013. "Greasing the wheels of bank lending: Evidence from private firms in China," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(7), pages 2533-2545.
    38. Hanna Hottenrott & Bettina Peters, 2012. "Innovative Capability and Financing Constraints for Innovation: More Money, More Innovation?," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 94(4), pages 1126-1142, November.
    39. Matthew S Clancy & GianCarlo Moschini, 2018. "Mandates and the Incentive for Environmental Innovation," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 100(1), pages 198-219.
    40. Roberto Martin N. Galang, 2012. "Victim or Victimizer: Firm Responses to Government Corruption," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(2), pages 429-462, March.
    41. Alvaro Cuervo-Cazurra, 2006. "Who cares about corruption?," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 37(6), pages 807-822, November.
    42. Eduardo A. Haddad & Jaime Bonet & Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, 2023. "Introduction and Overview," Advances in Spatial Science, in: Eduardo A. Haddad & Jaime Bonet & Geoffrey J. D. Hewings (ed.), The Colombian Economy and Its Regional Structural Challenges, chapter 0, pages 1-16, Springer.
    43. Fisman, Ray & Golden, Miriam A., 2017. "Corruption: What Everyone Needs to Know," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780190463977.
    44. Ha, Le Thanh & Thanh, To Trung & Thang, Doan Ngoc & Anh, Pham Thi Hoang, 2021. "Bribery, export decisions, and institutional constraints: Evidence from cross-country firm-level data," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 585-612.
    45. Seung-Hyun Lee & Kyeungrae Oh & Lorraine Eden, 2010. "Why Do Firms Bribe?," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 50(6), pages 775-796, December.
    46. Lui, Francis T, 1985. "An Equilibrium Queuing Model of Bribery," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 93(4), pages 760-781, August.
    47. Michal Szymanski & Piyush Tiwari, 2004. "ISO 14001 and the Reduction of Toxic Emissions," Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(1), pages 31-42.
    48. Michael E. Porter & Claas van der Linde, 1995. "Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 9(4), pages 97-118, Fall.
    49. Dalia Fadly, 2020. "Greening Industry in Vietnam: Environmental Management Standards and Resource Efficiency in SMEs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-27, September.
    50. Amore, Mario Daniele & Schneider, Cédric & Žaldokas, Alminas, 2013. "Credit supply and corporate innovation," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(3), pages 835-855.
    51. Quan Anh Nguyen & Gillian Sullivan Mort & Clare D'Souza, 2015. "Vietnam in transition: SMEs and the necessitating environment for entrepreneurship development," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(3-4), pages 154-180, April.
    52. Asim Ijaz Khwaja & Atif Mian, 2005. "Do Lenders Favor Politically Connected Firms? Rent Provision in an Emerging Financial Market," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 120(4), pages 1371-1411.
    53. Jens Hemmelskamp, 1999. "The Influence of Environmental Policy on Innovative Behaviour: An Econometric Study," Working Papers 1999.18, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
    54. Rothenberg, Alexander D. & Gaduh, Arya & Burger, Nicholas E. & Chazali, Charina & Tjandraningsih, Indrasari & Radikun, Rini & Sutera, Cole & Weilant, Sarah, 2016. "Rethinking Indonesia’s Informal Sector," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 96-113.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Van Ha, Le, 2024. "Unveiling a novel approach to corruption measurement: Leveraging household survey data on income and expenditure through forensic analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    2. Le, Thanh Ha, 2022. "Connectedness between nonrenewable and renewable energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emission in Vietnam: New evidence from a wavelet analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 442-454.
    3. Samuel Amponsah Odei & Ivan Soukal, 2024. "Business strategies, bureaucratic ties, and firms’ innovation novelty: insights from the World Bank enterprise survey," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 13(1), pages 1-23, December.
    4. Liu, Dongwang, 2023. "Credit corruption, government relation and corporate innovation," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PB).
    5. Huong, Tran Thi Lan & Ha, Le Thanh, 2023. "A comprehensive analysis of the correlation between foreign aid and energy security in emerging countries: Does institutional quality matter?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 952-968.
    6. To Trung Thanh & Le Thanh Ha & Hoang Phuong Dung & Tran Thi Lan Huong, 2023. "Impacts of digitalization on energy security: evidence from European countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(10), pages 11599-11644, October.
    7. Yuping Deng & Yanrui Wu & Helian Xu, 2022. "Emission Reduction and Value-added Export Nexus at Firm Level," Economics Discussion / Working Papers 22-19, The University of Western Australia, Department of Economics.
    8. Zhong, Qian & Han, Liyan & Jin, Jiayu, 2022. "Do green credit guidelines impact on heavily polluting firms in rent-seeking?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PB).
    9. Zhu, Chen & Xia, Yuqing & Liu, Qing & Hou, Bojun, 2023. "Deregulation and green innovation: Does cultural reform pilot project matter," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 84-105.
    10. Le Thanh Ha & Dao Hanh Le & Nguyen Ngoc Mai, 2021. "Bribes, market power and access to credit: evidence from cross-country firm-level data," International Review of Economics, Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), vol. 68(4), pages 527-550, December.
    11. Nam Pham Xuan & Thanh Ha Le, 2023. "Bribery and firm survival in Vietnam: Moderating effects of market competition, credit, and institutional constraints," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(2), pages 1242-1269, May.
    12. Zhou, Kuo & Luo, Haotian & Ye, Diyu & Tao, Yunqing, 2022. "The power of anti-corruption in environmental innovation: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    13. Le Thanh Ha & Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen, 2022. "Dynamic Connectedness between Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Consumptions, Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Vietnam: Extension of the TVP-VAR Joint Connected Approach," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(3), pages 361-372, May.
    14. Ha, Le Thanh, 2023. "The role of financial development in enhancing trades in environmental goods: International insights from 119 countries," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 29(C).
    15. Mohammad, Shoeb & Yang, Jie & Butt, Irfan, 2024. "Does corruption have a sanding or greasing impact on innovation? Reconciling the contrasting perspectives through a systematic literature review," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(7).
    16. Hong Nham, Nguyen Thi & Ha, Le Thanh, 2022. "Making the circular economy digital or the digital economy circular? Empirical evidence from the European region," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Nam Pham Xuan & Thanh Ha Le, 2023. "Bribery and firm survival in Vietnam: Moderating effects of market competition, credit, and institutional constraints," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(2), pages 1242-1269, May.
    2. Ha, Le Thanh & Thanh, To Trung & Thang, Doan Ngoc & Anh, Pham Thi Hoang, 2021. "Bribery, export decisions, and institutional constraints: Evidence from cross-country firm-level data," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 585-612.
    3. Ha, Le Thanh & Dung, Hoang Phuong & Thanh, To Trung, 2023. "Bribery, global value chain decisions, and institutional constraints: Evidence from a cross-country firm-level data," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 119-142.
    4. Nirosha Hewa Wellalage & Stuart Locke & Helen Samujh, 2020. "Firm bribery and credit access: evidence from Indian SMEs," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(1), pages 283-304, June.
    5. Nguyen, Ngoc Anh & Doan, Quang Hung & Nguyen, Ngoc Minh & Tran-Nam, Binh, 2016. "The impact of petty corruption on firm innovation in Vietnam," MPRA Paper 71902, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Nirosha Wellalage & Sujani Thrikawala, 2021. "Does bribery sand or grease the wheels of firm level innovation: evidence from Latin American countries," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 31(3), pages 891-929, July.
    7. Mai Chi Vu, 2021. "Tensions and Struggles in Tackling Bribery at the Firm Level: Perspectives from Buddhist-Enacted Organizational Leaders," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 168(3), pages 517-537, January.
    8. Lurdes Martins & Jorge Cerdeira & Aurora A.C. Teixeira, 2020. "Does corruption boost or harm firms’ performance in developing and emerging economies? A firm‐level study," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(8), pages 2119-2152, August.
    9. Lee, Mina & Mutlu, Canan & Lee, Seung-Hyun, 2023. "Bribery and Firm Growth: Sensemaking in CEE and Post-Soviet Countries," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 29(1).
    10. Le Thanh Ha & Dao Hanh Le & Nguyen Ngoc Mai, 2021. "Bribes, market power and access to credit: evidence from cross-country firm-level data," International Review of Economics, Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), vol. 68(4), pages 527-550, December.
    11. Malesky, Edmund J. & Nguyen, Thang V. & Bach, Thang N. & Ho, Bao D., 2020. "The effect of market competition on bribery in emerging economies: An empirical analysis of Vietnamese firms," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    12. Yu Yan & Shusen Qi, 2021. "I Know What I Need: Optimization of Bribery," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 174(2), pages 311-332, November.
    13. Estrin, Saul & Campos, Nauro & Proto, Eugenio, 2010. "Corruption as a Barrier to Entry: Theory and Evidence," CEPR Discussion Papers 8061, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    14. Theodora Bermpei & Antonios Nikolaos Kalyvas & Leone Leonida, 2021. "Local Public Corruption and Bank Lending Activity in the United States," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 171(1), pages 73-98, June.
    15. repec:idn:journl:v:21:y:2019:i:3g:p:1-22 is not listed on IDEAS
    16. Yuan Wang, 2022. "Uncertainty, entrepreneurship, and the organization of corruption," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 121-139, January.
    17. repec:pdn:wpaper:79 is not listed on IDEAS
    18. Gaygysyz Ashyrov & Jaan Masso, 2020. "Does corruption affect local and foreign-owned companies differently? Evidence from the BEEPS survey," Post-Communist Economies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(3), pages 306-329, April.
    19. Muhammad Ansar Majeed & Tanveer Ahsan & Ammar Ali Gull, 2024. "Does corruption sand the wheels of sustainable development? Evidence through green innovation," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(5), pages 4626-4651, July.
    20. Chen, Minghua & Jeon, Bang Nam & Wang, Rui & Wu, Ji, 2015. "Corruption and bank risk-taking: Evidence from emerging economies," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 122-148.
    21. Pinget, Amandine, 2016. "Spécificités des déterminants des innovations environnementales : une approche appliquée aux PME [Specificities of determinants for environmental innovation : an approach applied to SMEs]," MPRA Paper 80108, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    22. repec:pdn:wpaper:70 is not listed on IDEAS
    23. Nirosha Hewa Wellalage & Stuart Locke & Helen Samujh, 2019. "Corruption, Gender and Credit Constraints: Evidence from South Asian SMEs," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 159(1), pages 267-280, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Rent-seeking bribery; Greasing bribery; Environmental innovation; Environmental standard certificate; Vietnam;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O30 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - General
    • O32 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
    • L24 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:ecolec:v:185:y:2021:i:c:s0921800921001002. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolecon .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.