IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/dyncon/v113y2020ics0165188920300257.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Do ‘complex’ financial models really lead to complex dynamics? Agent-based models and multifractality

Author

Listed:
  • Kukacka, Jiri
  • Kristoufek, Ladislav

Abstract

Agent-based models are usually claimed to generate complex dynamics; however, the link to such complexity has not been subject to rigorous examination. This paper studies this link between the complexity of financial time series—measured by their multifractal properties—and the design of various small-scale agent-based frameworks used to model the heterogeneity of financial markets. Nine popular models are analyzed, and while some of the models do not generate interesting multifractal patterns, we observe the strongest tendency towards multifractal behavior for the Bornholdt Ising model, the discrete choice-based models by Gaunersdorfer & Hommes and Schmitt & Westerhoff, and the transition probabilities-based framework by Franke & Westerhoff. Complexity is thus not an automatic feature of the time series generated by any agent-based model but generated only by models with specific properties. In addition, because multifractality is considered a financial stylized fact, its presence can be used as a new means to validate such models.

Suggested Citation

  • Kukacka, Jiri & Kristoufek, Ladislav, 2020. "Do ‘complex’ financial models really lead to complex dynamics? Agent-based models and multifractality," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:dyncon:v:113:y:2020:i:c:s0165188920300257
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2020.103855
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165188920300257
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jedc.2020.103855?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Barde, Sylvain, 2016. "Direct comparison of agent-based models of herding in financial markets," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 329-353.
    2. Jozef Barunik & Jiri Kukacka, 2015. "Realizing stock market crashes: stochastic cusp catastrophe model of returns under time-varying volatility," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(6), pages 959-973, June.
    3. Noemi Schmitt & Frank Westerhoff, 2017. "Heterogeneity, spontaneous coordination and extreme events within large-scale and small-scale agent-based financial market models," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 27(5), pages 1041-1070, November.
    4. Recchioni, Maria Cristina & Tedeschi, Gabriele & Gallegati, Mauro, 2015. "A calibration procedure for analyzing stock price dynamics in an agent-based framework," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1-25.
    5. Gaunersdorfer, Andrea & Hommes, Cars H. & Wagener, Florian O.O., 2008. "Bifurcation routes to volatility clustering under evolutionary learning," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 67(1), pages 27-47, July.
    6. repec:bla:ecorec:v:0:y:1986:i:0:p:24-38 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Paul Windrum & Giorgio Fagiolo & Alessio Moneta, 2007. "Empirical Validation of Agent-Based Models: Alternatives and Prospects," Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, vol. 10(2), pages 1-8.
    8. Cobb, Loren, 1980. "Estimation Theory for the Cusp Catastrophe Model," MPRA Paper 37548, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 05 Jun 2010.
    9. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/7kr9gv74ut9ngo58gia97t83i7 is not listed on IDEAS
    10. Laurent Calvet & Adlai Fisher, 2002. "Multifractality In Asset Returns: Theory And Evidence," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 84(3), pages 381-406, August.
    11. Calvet, Laurent & Fisher, Adlai, 2001. "Forecasting multifractal volatility," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 105(1), pages 27-58, November.
    12. Wei-Xing Zhou, 2009. "The components of empirical multifractality in financial returns," Papers 0908.1089, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2009.
    13. Buonocore, R.J. & Aste, T. & Di Matteo, T., 2016. "Measuring multiscaling in financial time-series," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 38-47.
    14. Liu, Ruipeng & Di Matteo, T. & Lux, Thomas, 2007. "True and apparent scaling: The proximity of the Markov-switching multifractal model to long-range dependence," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 383(1), pages 35-42.
    15. Giorgio Fagiolo & Mattia Guerini & Francesco Lamperti & Alessio Moneta & Andrea Roventini, 2017. "Validation of Agent-Based Models in Economics and Finance," LEM Papers Series 2017/23, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    16. Andrea Gaunersdorfer & Cars Hommes, 2007. "A Nonlinear Structural Model for Volatility Clustering," Springer Books, in: Gilles Teyssière & Alan P. Kirman (ed.), Long Memory in Economics, pages 265-288, Springer.
    17. Zhang, Lan & Mykland, Per A. & Ait-Sahalia, Yacine, 2005. "A Tale of Two Time Scales: Determining Integrated Volatility With Noisy High-Frequency Data," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 100, pages 1394-1411, December.
    18. Cont, Rama & Bouchaud, Jean-Philipe, 2000. "Herd Behavior And Aggregate Fluctuations In Financial Markets," Macroeconomic Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 4(2), pages 170-196, June.
    19. Kukacka, Jiri & Barunik, Jozef, 2017. "Estimation of financial agent-based models with simulated maximum likelihood," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 21-45.
    20. Di Matteo, T. & Aste, T. & Dacorogna, M.M., 2003. "Scaling behaviors in differently developed markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 324(1), pages 183-188.
    21. Matteo, T. Di & Aste, T. & Dacorogna, Michel M., 2005. "Long-term memories of developed and emerging markets: Using the scaling analysis to characterize their stage of development," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 827-851, April.
    22. Zhenxi Chen & Thomas Lux, 2018. "Estimation of Sentiment Effects in Financial Markets: A Simulated Method of Moments Approach," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 52(3), pages 711-744, October.
    23. Jan Polach & Jiri Kukacka, 2019. "Prospect Theory in the Heterogeneous Agent Model," Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, Springer;Society for Economic Science with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents, vol. 14(1), pages 147-174, March.
    24. Rama Cont, 2007. "Volatility Clustering in Financial Markets: Empirical Facts and Agent-Based Models," Springer Books, in: Gilles Teyssière & Alan P. Kirman (ed.), Long Memory in Economics, pages 289-309, Springer.
    25. Kukacka, Jiri & Barunik, Jozef, 2013. "Behavioural breaks in the heterogeneous agent model: The impact of herding, overconfidence, and market sentiment," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 392(23), pages 5920-5938.
    26. Amilon, Henrik, 2008. "Estimation of an adaptive stock market model with heterogeneous agents," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 342-362, March.
    27. Barunik, Jozef & Aste, Tomaso & Di Matteo, T. & Liu, Ruipeng, 2012. "Understanding the source of multifractality in financial markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 391(17), pages 4234-4251.
    28. Zhi-Qiang Jiang & Wei-Xing Zhou, 2011. "Multifractal detrending moving average cross-correlation analysis," Papers 1103.2577, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2011.
    29. Morales, Raffaello & Di Matteo, T. & Gramatica, Ruggero & Aste, Tomaso, 2012. "Dynamical generalized Hurst exponent as a tool to monitor unstable periods in financial time series," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 391(11), pages 3180-3189.
    30. Dariusz Grech & Grzegorz Pamu{l}a, 2013. "On the multifractal effects generated by monofractal signals," Papers 1307.2014, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2013.
    31. Hommes, Cars H., 2006. "Heterogeneous Agent Models in Economics and Finance," Handbook of Computational Economics, in: Leigh Tesfatsion & Kenneth L. Judd (ed.), Handbook of Computational Economics, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 23, pages 1109-1186, Elsevier.
    32. T. Di Matteo, 2007. "Multi-scaling in finance," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(1), pages 21-36.
    33. Stefan Bornholdt, 2001. "Expectation Bubbles In A Spin Model Of Markets: Intermittency From Frustration Across Scales," International Journal of Modern Physics C (IJMPC), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(05), pages 667-674.
    34. Simone Alfarano & Thomas Lux & Friedrich Wagner, 2005. "Estimation of Agent-Based Models: The Case of an Asymmetric Herding Model," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 26(1), pages 19-49, August.
    35. Brock, William A. & Hommes, Cars H., 1998. "Heterogeneous beliefs and routes to chaos in a simple asset pricing model," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 22(8-9), pages 1235-1274, August.
    36. Gilli, M. & Winker, P., 2003. "A global optimization heuristic for estimating agent based models," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 299-312, March.
    37. Grech, Dariusz & Pamuła, Grzegorz, 2013. "On the multifractal effects generated by monofractal signals," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 392(23), pages 5845-5864.
    38. Alan Kirman, 1993. "Ants, Rationality, and Recruitment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 108(1), pages 137-156.
    39. Lucas, Robert E, Jr, 1978. "Asset Prices in an Exchange Economy," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 46(6), pages 1429-1445, November.
    40. Alfarano, Simone & Lux, Thomas & Wagner, Friedrich, 2008. "Time variation of higher moments in a financial market with heterogeneous agents: An analytical approach," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 101-136, January.
    41. Zhi-Qiang Jiang & Wen-Jie Xie & Wei-Xing Zhou & Didier Sornette, 2018. "Multifractal analysis of financial markets," Papers 1805.04750, arXiv.org.
    42. A. Arnéodo & N. Decoster & S.G. Roux, 2000. "A wavelet-based method for multifractal image analysis. I. Methodology and test applications on isotropic and anisotropic random rough surfaces," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 15(3), pages 567-600, June.
    43. Grazzini, Jakob & Richiardi, Matteo, 2015. "Estimation of ergodic agent-based models by simulated minimum distance," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 148-165.
    44. Lux, Thomas & Kaizoji, Taisei, 2007. "Forecasting volatility and volume in the Tokyo Stock Market: Long memory, fractality and regime switching," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 1808-1843, June.
    45. R. Cont, 2001. "Empirical properties of asset returns: stylized facts and statistical issues," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 1(2), pages 223-236.
    46. Franke, Reiner & Westerhoff, Frank, 2012. "Structural stochastic volatility in asset pricing dynamics: Estimation and model contest," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 1193-1211.
    47. Benoit Mandelbrot & Adlai Fisher & Laurent Calvet, 1997. "A Multifractal Model of Asset Returns," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1164, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
    48. Franke, Reiner, 2010. "On the specification of noise in two agent-based asset pricing models," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 1140-1152, June.
    49. Kantelhardt, Jan W. & Zschiegner, Stephan A. & Koscielny-Bunde, Eva & Havlin, Shlomo & Bunde, Armin & Stanley, H.Eugene, 2002. "Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis of nonstationary time series," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 316(1), pages 87-114.
    50. Emmanuel Bacry & Alexey Kozhemyak & J.-F. Muzy, 2008. "Continuous cascade models for asset returns," Post-Print hal-00604449, HAL.
    51. Bacry, E. & Kozhemyak, A. & Muzy, Jean-Francois, 2008. "Continuous cascade models for asset returns," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 156-199, January.
    52. Zeeman, E. C., 1974. "On the unstable behaviour of stock exchanges," Journal of Mathematical Economics, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 39-49, March.
    53. Ghonghadze, Jaba & Lux, Thomas, 2016. "Bringing an elementary agent-based model to the data: Estimation via GMM and an application to forecasting of asset price volatility," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 1-19.
    54. da Silva, L.R & Stauffer, D, 2001. "Ising-correlated clusters in the Cont-Bouchaud stock market model," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 294(1), pages 235-238.
    55. Blake LeBaron & Leigh Tesfatsion, 2008. "Modeling Macroeconomies as Open-Ended Dynamic Systems of Interacting Agents," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 98(2), pages 246-250, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Onur Özdemir & Anoop S. Kumar, 2024. "Dynamic Efficiency and Herd Behavior During Pre- and Post-COVID-19 in the NFT Market: Evidence from Multifractal Analysis," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 63(3), pages 1255-1279, March.
    2. Vandin, Andrea & Giachini, Daniele & Lamperti, Francesco & Chiaromonte, Francesca, 2022. "Automated and distributed statistical analysis of economic agent-based models," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    3. Jiri Kukacka & Ladislav Kristoufek, 2023. "Fundamental and speculative components of the cryptocurrency pricing dynamics," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-23, December.
    4. Stefan Bornholdt, 2021. "A q-spin Potts model of markets: Gain-loss asymmetry in stock indices as an emergent phenomenon," Papers 2112.06290, arXiv.org.
    5. Andrea Vandin & Daniele Giachini & Francesco Lamperti & Francesca Chiaromonte, 2021. "Automated and Distributed Statistical Analysis of Economic Agent-Based Models," Papers 2102.05405, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2023.
    6. Andrea Vandin & Daniele Giachini & Francesco Lamperti & Francesca Chiaromonte, 2020. "Automated and Distributed Statistical Analysis of Economic Agent-Based Models," LEM Papers Series 2020/31, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    7. Zila, Eric & Kukacka, Jiri, 2023. "Moment set selection for the SMM using simple machine learning," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 366-391.
    8. F. Cavalli & A. Naimzada & N. Pecora & M. Pireddu, 2021. "Market sentiment and heterogeneous agents in an evolutive financial model," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 31(4), pages 1189-1219, September.
    9. Noemi Schmitt & Ivonne Schwartz & Frank Westerhoff, 2022. "Heterogeneous speculators and stock market dynamics: a simple agent-based computational model," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(13-15), pages 1263-1282, October.
    10. Bariviera, Aurelio F., 2021. "One model is not enough: Heterogeneity in cryptocurrencies’ multifractal profiles," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    11. Matthieu Garcin, 2023. "Complexity measure, kernel density estimation, bandwidth selection, and the efficient market hypothesis," Papers 2305.13123, arXiv.org.
    12. Krenar Avdulaj & Ladislav Kristoufek, 2020. "On Tail Dependence and Multifractality," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-13, October.
    13. Bornholdt, Stefan, 2022. "A q-spin Potts model of markets: Gain–loss asymmetry in stock indices as an emergent phenomenon," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 588(C).
    14. Orlando Gomes, 2024. "The emergence of chaos in productivity distribution dynamics," Decisions in Economics and Finance, Springer;Associazione per la Matematica, vol. 47(2), pages 565-596, December.
    15. Huang, Chuangxia & Deng, Yunke & Yang, Xiaoguang & Cao, Jinde & Yang, Xin, 2021. "A network perspective of comovement and structural change: Evidence from the Chinese stock market," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    16. Lan, Yun & Fang, Wen, 2024. "Mechanisms of investors’ bounded rationality and market herding effect by the stochastic Ising financial model," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 648(C).
    17. Cerruti, Gianluca & Lombardini, Simone, 2022. "Financial bubbles as a recursive process lead by short-term strategies," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 555-568.
    18. Matthieu Garcin, 2023. "Complexity measure, kernel density estimation, bandwidth selection, and the efficient market hypothesis," Working Papers hal-04102815, HAL.
    19. Gradojevic, Nikola & Kukolj, Dragan & Adcock, Robert & Djakovic, Vladimir, 2023. "Forecasting Bitcoin with technical analysis: A not-so-random forest?," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 1-17.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kukacka, Jiri & Kristoufek, Ladislav, 2021. "Does parameterization affect the complexity of agent-based models?," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 324-356.
    2. Tubbenhauer, Tobias & Fieberg, Christian & Poddig, Thorsten, 2021. "Multi-agent-based VaR forecasting," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    3. Kukacka, Jiri & Barunik, Jozef, 2017. "Estimation of financial agent-based models with simulated maximum likelihood," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 21-45.
    4. Zila, Eric & Kukacka, Jiri, 2023. "Moment set selection for the SMM using simple machine learning," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 366-391.
    5. Buonocore, R.J. & Aste, T. & Di Matteo, T., 2016. "Measuring multiscaling in financial time-series," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 38-47.
    6. Lamperti, Francesco & Roventini, Andrea & Sani, Amir, 2018. "Agent-based model calibration using machine learning surrogates," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 366-389.
    7. Morales, Raffaello & Di Matteo, T. & Aste, Tomaso, 2013. "Non-stationary multifractality in stock returns," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 392(24), pages 6470-6483.
    8. Donovan Platt, 2019. "A Comparison of Economic Agent-Based Model Calibration Methods," Papers 1902.05938, arXiv.org.
    9. Donovan Platt, 2022. "Bayesian Estimation of Economic Simulation Models Using Neural Networks," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 59(2), pages 599-650, February.
    10. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/13thfd12aa8rmplfudlgvgahff is not listed on IDEAS
    11. Lux, Thomas & Alfarano, Simone, 2016. "Financial power laws: Empirical evidence, models, and mechanisms," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 3-18.
    12. Francesco Lamperti, 2018. "Empirical validation of simulated models through the GSL-div: an illustrative application," Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, Springer;Society for Economic Science with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents, vol. 13(1), pages 143-171, April.
    13. Qi Nan Zhai, 2015. "Asset Pricing Under Ambiguity and Heterogeneity," PhD Thesis, Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney, number 1-2015, January-A.
    14. Lamperti, Francesco & Roventini, Andrea & Sani, Amir, 2018. "Agent-based model calibration using machine learning surrogates," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 366-389.
    15. Troy Tassier, 2013. "Handbook of Research on Complexity, by J. Barkley Rosser, Jr. and Edward Elgar," Eastern Economic Journal, Palgrave Macmillan;Eastern Economic Association, vol. 39(1), pages 132-133.
    16. Lux, Thomas, 2018. "Estimation of agent-based models using sequential Monte Carlo methods," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 391-408.
    17. Lux, Thomas, 2017. "Estimation of agent-based models using sequential Monte Carlo methods," Economics Working Papers 2017-07, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Economics.
    18. Ghonghadze, Jaba & Lux, Thomas, 2016. "Bringing an elementary agent-based model to the data: Estimation via GMM and an application to forecasting of asset price volatility," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 1-19.
    19. Antonio Doria, Francisco, 2011. "J.B. Rosser Jr. , Handbook of Research on Complexity, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK--Northampton, MA, USA (2009) 436 + viii pp., index, ISBN 978 1 84542 089 5 (cased)," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 78(1-2), pages 196-204, April.
    20. Giorgio Fagiolo & Mattia Guerini & Francesco Lamperti & Alessio Moneta & Andrea Roventini, 2017. "Validation of Agent-Based Models in Economics and Finance," LEM Papers Series 2017/23, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    21. He, Xue-Zhong & Li, Youwei, 2015. "Testing of a market fraction model and power-law behaviour in the DAX 30," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 1-17.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Complex systems; Financial agent-based models; Time series analysis; Multifractal analysis; Detrended fluctuation analysis;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C13 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Estimation: General
    • C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
    • C63 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Computational Techniques
    • D84 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Expectations; Speculations
    • G02 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles
    • G17 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Financial Forecasting and Simulation

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:dyncon:v:113:y:2020:i:c:s0165188920300257. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jedc .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.