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Extended care: Global dialogue on policy, practice and research

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  • van Breda, Adrian D.
  • Munro, Emily R.
  • Gilligan, Robbie
  • Anghel, Roxana
  • Harder, Annemiek
  • Incarnato, Mariana
  • Mann-Feder, Varda
  • Refaeli, Tehila
  • Stohler, Renate
  • Storø, Jan

Abstract

Young people who are taken up into the care system (including foster, formal kinship and residential or group care) traditionally have to leave care at age 18, the generally accepted age of adulthood. Research globally has shown that most youth are not ready to transition to independent living at 18 and require additional support into early adulthood. One specific type of support that has gained increasing interest is extended care arrangements, including permitting young people to remain in their care placements beyond the age of 18. While widely discussed, there is a limited body of literature on the conceptualisation, implementation and evaluation of extended care, and almost no cross-national dialogue on extended care. This article aims to gather together a range of experiences on extended care and to explore the extent to which there is a cross-national consensus on the conceptualisation and operationalisation of extended care. Ten countries participated in the study, reviewing their country’s extended care policy, practice and research using a common matrix. Findings reveal adoption of aspects of extended care in all countries, wide variations in how extended care is conceptualised, legislated, funded and implemented, and very little research on the effectiveness of extended care. The authors recommend resolving cross-national variations in the conceptualisation of extended care and further research on the role and contribution of extended care placements to improved outcomes for youth in diverse social, political and economic contexts.

Suggested Citation

  • van Breda, Adrian D. & Munro, Emily R. & Gilligan, Robbie & Anghel, Roxana & Harder, Annemiek & Incarnato, Mariana & Mann-Feder, Varda & Refaeli, Tehila & Stohler, Renate & Storø, Jan, 2020. "Extended care: Global dialogue on policy, practice and research," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:cysrev:v:119:y:2020:i:c:s0190740920320193
    DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105596
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    1. Flynn, Robert J. & Tessier, Nicholas G., 2011. "Promotive and risk factors as concurrent predictors of educational outcomes in supported transitional living: Extended care and maintenance in Ontario, Canada," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(12), pages 2498-2503.
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    3. Gilligan, Robbie, 2019. "The family foster care system in Ireland – Advances and challenges," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 221-228.
    4. Samuels, Gina Miranda & Pryce, Julia M., 2008. ""What doesn't kill you makes you stronger": Survivalist self-reliance as resilience and risk among young adults aging out of foster care," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(10), pages 1198-1210, October.
    5. Lee, JoAnn S. & Courtney, Mark E. & Tajima, Emiko, 2014. "Extended foster care support during the transition to adulthood: Effect on the risk of arrest," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 34-42.
    6. Courtney, Mark E. & Hook, Jennifer L., 2017. "The potential educational benefits of extending foster care to young adults: Findings from a natural experiment," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 124-132.
    7. Harder, Annemiek T. & Mann-Feder, Varda & Oterholm, Inger & Refaeli, Tehila, 2020. "Supporting transitions to adulthood for youth leaving care: Consensus based principles," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
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    1. Caroline Andow & Stefan Kleipoedszus & Rachel Dunn & Nicola Wake & Raymond Arthur & Adeela Shafi & David Gibson, 2024. "Re-Designing Secure Children’s Homes Through a Child-First Lens," Societies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-24, October.
    2. Stubbs, Alix & Baidawi, Susan & Mendes, Philip, 2023. "Young people transitioning from out-of-home care: their experience of informal support. A scoping review," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    3. Prendergast, L. & Davies, C. & Seddon, D. & Hartfiel, N. & Edwards, R.T., 2024. "Barriers and enablers to care-leavers engagement with multi-agency support: A scoping review," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    4. Schwartz Tayri, Talia Meital & Spiro, Shimon E., 2023. "The contribution of replicated follow-up studies to improving transitional housing programs for youths aging out of care in Israel," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    5. Disney, Tom & Walker, Charlie, 2023. "Young people leaving care and institutionalised vulnerability in the Russian Federation," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    6. Hagleitner, Wolfgang & Sting, Stephan & Maran, Thomas, 2022. "Socio-economic status and living situation of care leavers in Austria," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    7. Kelly, Berni & Webb, Paul & Davidson, Gavin & Pinkerton, John & McShane, Theresa, 2022. "Raising the profile of care leavers with mental health and/or intellectual disabilities: A contribution from Northern Ireland," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    8. Sacker, Amanda & Lacey, Rebecca E. & Maughan, Barbara & Murray, Emily T., 2022. "Out-of-home care in childhood and socio-economic functioning in adulthood: ONS Longitudinal study 1971–2011," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    9. Stine Lehmann & Mari Hysing & Børge Sivertsen, 2024. "Academic Performance, Health and Support Needs: Comparing Foster Care Alumni and Peers in Higher Education in Norway," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(11), pages 1-14, November.
    10. Harder, Annemiek T. & Mann-Feder, Varda & Oterholm, Inger & Refaeli, Tehila, 2020. "Supporting transitions to adulthood for youth leaving care: Consensus based principles," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    11. Pepe, Alessandro & Biffi, Elisabetta & Carla Montà, Chiara & Arciprete, Caterina & Biggeri, Mario, 2024. "Agency, participation in decision making and wellbeing among care leavers in care system: A quantitative mediation study," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    12. Itzhaki-Braun, Yael & Sulimani-Aidan, Yafit, 2022. "Determination of life satisfaction among young women care leavers from the Ultraorthodox Jewish community," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    13. Goyette, Martin & Blanchet, Alexandre & Esposito, Tonino & Delaye, Ashleigh, 2021. "The role of placement instability on employment and educational outcomes among adolescents leaving care," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    14. Mendes, Philip & Martin, Robyn & Jasmin Jau, Ms & Jacinta Chavulak, Ms, 2023. "An analysis of the intersecting factors and needs that informed the experiences of young people transitioning from out of home care in the Australian states of Victoria and Western Australia," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    15. Kaasinen, Minna & Terkamo-Moisio, Anja & Salokekkilä, Pirkko & Häggman-Laitila, Arja, 2023. "Finnish care leavers‘ social inclusion during the transition to adulthood," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    16. Yin, Shian, 2024. "Investigating local policy responses to support care-experienced young people in China – A scoping review," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).

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