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Pathways to prevention: Early Head Start outcomes in the first three years lead to long-term reductions in child maltreatment

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  • Green, Beth L.
  • Ayoub, Catherine
  • Bartlett, Jessica Dym
  • Furrer, Carrie
  • Chazan-Cohen, Rachel
  • Buttitta, Katherine
  • Von Ende, Adam
  • Koepp, Andrew
  • Regalbuto, Eric

Abstract

While there is growing evidence that early childhood prevention programs can have positive outcomes for children and families, research has tended to focus on short-term outcomes, with fewer studies of long-term benefits. In addition, evaluations of such programs rarely go beyond the question, “does the program work?” despite numerous calls over the past decade for more research that can help understand how these programs have their effects. Using longitudinal, experimental data from the Early Head Start (EHS) Research and Evaluation Project (EHSREP) linked to child welfare agency records for 2794 children, we examined the effectiveness of EHS birth-to-three services in preventing child maltreatment during children’s first 15 years of life. Following this, we assessed whether changes in specific child and family outcomes at ages 2 and 3 acted as mediators for later maltreatment prevention. Results showed that EHS has a long-term impact on the likelihood of child welfare system involvement that is driven by earlier impacts on parenting behaviors, family well-being, and child developmental status. By children’s second birthday, families randomly assigned to participate in EHS had lower family conflict and parenting distress, and more positive parent-child interactions; these impacts, in turn, led to later reductions in the likelihood of children being involved with the child welfare system through age fifteen years. Furthermore, at age three, children in EHS were more attentive and engaged in play with their parents and had higher scores on cognitive development assessments compared to controls; these outcomes were similarly associated with long-term reductions in the likelihood of child maltreatment. These findings suggest that early two-generational programs, like EHS, that are able to successfully decrease family conflict and stress and support positive, emotionally responsive parenting and child development, may reduce the likelihood of abuse and neglect later in life.

Suggested Citation

  • Green, Beth L. & Ayoub, Catherine & Bartlett, Jessica Dym & Furrer, Carrie & Chazan-Cohen, Rachel & Buttitta, Katherine & Von Ende, Adam & Koepp, Andrew & Regalbuto, Eric, 2020. "Pathways to prevention: Early Head Start outcomes in the first three years lead to long-term reductions in child maltreatment," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:cysrev:v:118:y:2020:i:c:s0190740920305405
    DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105403
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. James Heckman & Rodrigo Pinto & Peter Savelyev, 2013. "Understanding the Mechanisms through Which an Influential Early Childhood Program Boosted Adult Outcomes," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(6), pages 2052-2086, October.
    2. Slack, Kristen Shook & Berger, Lawrence M. & DuMont, Kimberly & Yang, Mi-Youn & Kim, Bomi & Ehrhard-Dietzel, Susan & Holl, Jane L., 2011. "Risk and protective factors for child neglect during early childhood: A cross-study comparison," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(8), pages 1354-1363, August.
    3. repec:mpr:mprres:3255 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. repec:mpr:mprres:7717 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Green, Beth L. & Ayoub, Catherine & Bartlett, Jessica Dym & Von Ende, Adam & Furrer, Carrie & Chazan-Cohen, Rachel & Vallotton, Claire & Klevens, Joanne, 2014. "The effect of Early Head Start on child welfare system involvement: A first look at longitudinal child maltreatment outcomes," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 127-135.
    6. Green, Beth L. & Ayoub, Catherine & Bartlett, Jessica Dym & Furrer, Carrie & Von Ende, Adam & Chazan-Cohen, Rachel & Klevens, Joanne & Nygren, Peggy, 2015. "It's not as simple as it sounds: Problems and solutions in accessing and using administrative child welfare data for evaluating the impact of early childhood interventions," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 40-49.
    7. repec:mpr:mprres:7934 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. repec:mpr:mprres:3256 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. repec:mpr:mprres:7716 is not listed on IDEAS
    10. MacKenzie, Michael J. & Kotch, Jonathan B. & Lee, Li-Ching, 2011. "Toward a cumulative ecological risk model for the etiology of child maltreatment," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(9), pages 1638-1647, September.
    11. Richard A. Faldowski & Rachel Chazan-Cohen & John M. Love & Cheri Vogel, 2013. "Design and Methods in the Early Head Start Study," Mathematica Policy Research Reports 723ca5139fc64a09b8bcdda5e, Mathematica Policy Research.
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