IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/csdana/v181y2023ics0167947322002675.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Functional classification of bitcoin addresses

Author

Listed:
  • Febrero-Bande, Manuel
  • González-Manteiga, Wenceslao
  • Prallon, Brenda
  • Saporito, Yuri F.

Abstract

A classification model for predicting the main activity of bitcoin addresses based on their balances is proposed. Since the balances are functions of time, methods from functional data analysis are applied; more specifically, the features of the proposed classification model are the functional principal components of the data. Classifying bitcoin addresses is a relevant problem for two main reasons: to understand the composition of the bitcoin market, and to identify addresses used for illicit activities. Although other bitcoin classifiers have been proposed, they focus primarily on network analysis rather than curve behavior. The proposed approach, on the other hand, does not require any network information for prediction. Furthermore, functional features have the advantage of being straightforward to build, unlike expert-built features. Results show improvement when combining functional features with scalar features, and similar accuracy for the models using those features separately, which points to the functional model being a good alternative when domain-specific knowledge is not available.

Suggested Citation

  • Febrero-Bande, Manuel & González-Manteiga, Wenceslao & Prallon, Brenda & Saporito, Yuri F., 2023. "Functional classification of bitcoin addresses," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 181(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:csdana:v:181:y:2023:i:c:s0167947322002675
    DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2022.107687
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167947322002675
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.csda.2022.107687?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Febrero-Bande, Manuel & de la Fuente, Manuel Oviedo, 2012. "Statistical Computing in Functional Data Analysis: The R Package fda.usc," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 51(i04).
    2. Li, Yehua & Qiu, Yumou & Xu, Yuhang, 2022. "From multivariate to functional data analysis: Fundamentals, recent developments, and emerging areas," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    3. Manuel Febrero-Bande & Wenceslao González-Manteiga, 2013. "Generalized additive models for functional data," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 22(2), pages 278-292, June.
    4. Lopez-Pintado, Sara & Romo, Juan, 2007. "Depth-based inference for functional data," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 51(10), pages 4957-4968, June.
    5. Yao, Fang & Muller, Hans-Georg & Wang, Jane-Ling, 2005. "Functional Data Analysis for Sparse Longitudinal Data," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 100, pages 577-590, June.
    6. Antonio Cuevas & Manuel Febrero & Ricardo Fraiman, 2007. "Robust estimation and classification for functional data via projection-based depth notions," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 22(3), pages 481-496, September.
    7. Peter Hall & Mohammad Hosseini‐Nasab, 2006. "On properties of functional principal components analysis," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 68(1), pages 109-126, February.
    8. Kokoszka, Piotr & Oja, Hanny & Park, Byeong & Sangalli, Laura, 2017. "Special issue on functional data analysis," Econometrics and Statistics, Elsevier, vol. 1(C), pages 99-100.
    9. Sean Foley & Jonathan R Karlsen & Tālis J Putniņš, 2019. "Sex, Drugs, and Bitcoin: How Much Illegal Activity Is Financed through Cryptocurrencies?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 32(5), pages 1798-1853.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Daniel Kosiorowski & Jerzy P. Rydlewski & Małgorzata Snarska, 2019. "Detecting a structural change in functional time series using local Wilcoxon statistic," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 60(5), pages 1677-1698, October.
    2. Ruzong Fan & Hong-Bin Fang, 2022. "Stochastic functional linear models and Malliavin calculus," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 37(2), pages 591-611, April.
    3. Han Shang, 2014. "A survey of functional principal component analysis," AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis, Springer;German Statistical Society, vol. 98(2), pages 121-142, April.
    4. Chen, Lu-Hung & Jiang, Ci-Ren, 2018. "Sensible functional linear discriminant analysis," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 39-52.
    5. Fraiman, Ricardo & Pateiro-López, Beatriz, 2012. "Quantiles for finite and infinite dimensional data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 1-14.
    6. Carlo Sguera & Sara López-Pintado, 2021. "A notion of depth for sparse functional data," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 30(3), pages 630-649, September.
    7. Kehui Chen & Xiaoke Zhang & Alexander Petersen & Hans-Georg Müller, 2017. "Quantifying Infinite-Dimensional Data: Functional Data Analysis in Action," Statistics in Biosciences, Springer;International Chinese Statistical Association, vol. 9(2), pages 582-604, December.
    8. Graciela Boente & Matías Salibián-Barrera, 2021. "Robust functional principal components for sparse longitudinal data," METRON, Springer;Sapienza Università di Roma, vol. 79(2), pages 159-188, August.
    9. Philip T. Reiss & Jeff Goldsmith & Han Lin Shang & R. Todd Ogden, 2017. "Methods for Scalar-on-Function Regression," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 85(2), pages 228-249, August.
    10. J. A. Cuesta-Albertos & M. Febrero-Bande & M. Oviedo de la Fuente, 2017. "The $$\hbox {DD}^G$$ DD G -classifier in the functional setting," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 26(1), pages 119-142, March.
    11. Daniel Hlubinka & Irène Gijbels & Marek Omelka & Stanislav Nagy, 2015. "Integrated data depth for smooth functions and its application in supervised classification," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 30(4), pages 1011-1031, December.
    12. Li, Pai-Ling & Chiou, Jeng-Min, 2011. "Identifying cluster number for subspace projected functional data clustering," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 55(6), pages 2090-2103, June.
    13. Guangxing Wang & Sisheng Liu & Fang Han & Chong‐Zhi Di, 2023. "Robust functional principal component analysis via a functional pairwise spatial sign operator," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 79(2), pages 1239-1253, June.
    14. Li, Pai-Ling & Chiou, Jeng-Min & Shyr, Yu, 2017. "Functional data classification using covariate-adjusted subspace projection," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 21-34.
    15. Febrero-Bande, Manuel & Galeano, Pedro & González-Manteiga, Wenceslao, 2019. "Estimation, imputation and prediction for the functional linear model with scalar response with responses missing at random," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 91-103.
    16. Poskitt, D.S. & Sengarapillai, Arivalzahan, 2013. "Description length and dimensionality reduction in functional data analysis," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 98-113.
    17. Nieto-Reyes, Alicia & Battey, Heather, 2021. "A topologically valid construction of depth for functional data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    18. François Freddy Ateba & Manuel Febrero-Bande & Issaka Sagara & Nafomon Sogoba & Mahamoudou Touré & Daouda Sanogo & Ayouba Diarra & Andoh Magdalene Ngitah & Peter J. Winch & Jeffrey G. Shaffer & Donald, 2020. "Predicting Malaria Transmission Dynamics in Dangassa, Mali: A Novel Approach Using Functional Generalized Additive Models," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-16, August.
    19. Miguel Flores & Salvador Naya & Rubén Fernández-Casal & Sonia Zaragoza & Paula Raña & Javier Tarrío-Saavedra, 2020. "Constructing a Control Chart Using Functional Data," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-26, January.
    20. Nagy, Stanislav & Ferraty, Frédéric, 2019. "Data depth for measurable noisy random functions," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 95-114.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:csdana:v:181:y:2023:i:c:s0167947322002675. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/csda .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.