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A roughness penalty approach to estimate densities over two-dimensional manifolds

Author

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  • Arnone, Eleonora
  • Ferraccioli, Federico
  • Pigolotti, Clara
  • Sangalli, Laura M.

Abstract

An innovative nonparametric method for density estimation over general two-dimensional Riemannian manifolds is proposed. The method follows a functional data analysis approach, combining maximum likelihood estimation with a roughness penalty that involves a differential operator appropriately defined over the manifold domain, thus controlling the smoothness of the estimate. The proposed method can accurately handle point pattern data over complicated curved domains. Moreover, it is able to capture complex multimodal signals, with strongly localized and highly skewed modes, with varying directions and intensity of anisotropy. The estimation procedure exploits a discretization in finite element bases, enabling great flexibility on the spatial domain. The method is tested through simulation studies, showing the strengths of the proposed approach. Finally, the density estimation method is illustrated with an application to the distribution of earthquakes in the world.

Suggested Citation

  • Arnone, Eleonora & Ferraccioli, Federico & Pigolotti, Clara & Sangalli, Laura M., 2022. "A roughness penalty approach to estimate densities over two-dimensional manifolds," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:csdana:v:174:y:2022:i:c:s0167947322001074
    DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2022.107527
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Pelletier, Bruno, 2005. "Kernel density estimation on Riemannian manifolds," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 73(3), pages 297-304, July.
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    3. Federico Ferraccioli & Eleonora Arnone & Livio Finos & James O. Ramsay & Laura M. Sangalli, 2021. "Nonparametric density estimation over complicated domains," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 83(2), pages 346-368, April.
    4. Kim, Yoon Tae & Park, Hyun Suk, 2013. "Geometric structures arising from kernel density estimation on Riemannian manifolds," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 112-126.
    5. Arnone, Eleonora & Azzimonti, Laura & Nobile, Fabio & Sangalli, Laura M., 2019. "Modeling spatially dependent functional data via regression with differential regularization," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 275-295.
    6. Suman Rakshit & Tilman Davies & M. Mehdi Moradi & Greg McSwiggan & Gopalan Nair & Jorge Mateu & Adrian Baddeley, 2019. "Fast Kernel Smoothing of Point Patterns on a Large Network using Two‐dimensional Convolution," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 87(3), pages 531-556, December.
    7. Greg McSwiggan & Adrian Baddeley & Gopalan Nair, 2017. "Kernel Density Estimation on a Linear Network," Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, Danish Society for Theoretical Statistics;Finnish Statistical Society;Norwegian Statistical Association;Swedish Statistical Association, vol. 44(2), pages 324-345, June.
    8. Berry, Tyrus & Sauer, Timothy, 2017. "Density estimation on manifolds with boundary," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 1-17.
    9. Laura M. Sangalli, 2021. "Spatial Regression With Partial Differential Equation Regularisation," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 89(3), pages 505-531, December.
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