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Adaptive protection based on multi-agent systems for AC microgrids: A review

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  • Taveras-Cruz, Armando J.
  • Mariano-Hernández, Deyslen
  • Jiménez-Matos, Elvin
  • Aybar-Mejia, Miguel
  • Mendoza-Araya, Patricio A.
  • Molina-García, Angel

Abstract

The bidirectional power flow, voltage/frequency dynamics, and reduced fault current observed in microgrids pose significant challenges to the protection of electrical systems. Particularly, the dynamic nature of microgrid-distributed energy generation requires protection schemes to adapt dynamically. Distributed protection strategies are commonly found in the literature, with adaptive protection based on multi-agent systems (MASs) being one of the most promising methods. This solution offers high autonomy, fault tolerance, and robustness against multiple fault types under various topology scenarios. This paper presents a systematic review of the current advances in MAS-based adaptive protection systems for AC microgrids. Furthermore, a discussion on the strategies implemented in MAS-based adaptive protection, the most used development frameworks for designing, developing, and testing MAS-based solutions for AC microgrid protection, and limiting factors for the widespread adoption are presented. Finally, open research problems and future research trends in MAS-based adaptive protection are also presented in this research.

Suggested Citation

  • Taveras-Cruz, Armando J. & Mariano-Hernández, Deyslen & Jiménez-Matos, Elvin & Aybar-Mejia, Miguel & Mendoza-Araya, Patricio A. & Molina-García, Angel, 2025. "Adaptive protection based on multi-agent systems for AC microgrids: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PD).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pd:s0306261924020567
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124673
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