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Data-driven surrogate optimization for deploying heterogeneous multi-energy storage to improve demand response performance at building cluster level

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  • Ren, Haoshan
  • Gao, Dian-ce
  • Ma, Zhenjun
  • Zhang, Sheng
  • Sun, Yongjun

Abstract

Energy storage such as battery and thermal energy storage is an effective approach to shift building peak load and alleviate grid stress at a building cluster level. However, due to the heterogeneous performance of different types of storage (e.g., response speed, charge/discharge efficiency and rate, storage capacity) and highly diversified energy use patterns of individual buildings, the multi-energy storage should be properly selected and optimally designed for individual buildings to achieve effective load shifting. The optimal deployment of multi-energy storage at a cluster level is a challenging optimization problem due to the nonlinear dynamic performance of the multi-energy storage and the high dimensionality as a result of a large number of buildings. To tackle the challenges, this study proposes a data-driven surrogate optimization method that optimally deploys multi-energy storage at a cluster level to minimize the building cluster energy bill under demand response programs. The method utilizes data-driven surrogate models to accurately predict demand response performance of individual buildings with multi-energy storage. An iterative optimization with automated energy-storage-option screening is developed to optimize the multi-energy storage configurations and design parameters. For a case study including 21 buildings, by optimally deploying multi-energy storage including battery, cooling TES tank, and building-integrated TES, the method reduced the building cluster energy bill by 8%–181% as compared to baseline cases. The optimal deployment method effectively identifies the buildings with better potential to adopt demand-side management and balances the pros and cons of the energy storage options, increasing demand response incentives by 12%–31%. The proposed method can be used in practice to facilitate the deployment of energy storage and improve engagement of buildings in demand response.

Suggested Citation

  • Ren, Haoshan & Gao, Dian-ce & Ma, Zhenjun & Zhang, Sheng & Sun, Yongjun, 2024. "Data-driven surrogate optimization for deploying heterogeneous multi-energy storage to improve demand response performance at building cluster level," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:356:y:2024:i:c:s0306261923016768
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122312
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