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In-duct phase change material-based energy storage to enhance building demand flexibility

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  • Hlanze, Philani
  • Elhefny, Aly
  • Jiang, Zhimin
  • Cai, Jie
  • Shabgard, Hamidreza

Abstract

This paper presents a novel energy storage solution by incorporating phase change material (PCM) panels in supply ducts to increase a building’s thermal storage capacity and demand flexibility. During off-peak hours, the system runs at a supply air temperature (SAT) below the PCM solidification point to charge the storage unit with “cooling” energy. During on-peak hours, a higher SAT is utilized so that the stored “cooling” energy can be discharged into the supply-air as a means to reduce the peak air-conditioning power usage. To evaluate the potentials of peak demand reduction and utility cost savings, a numerical model for a PCM panel prototype and its heat exchange with the air flow in the duct was developed and calibrated using experimental data. Whole building energy simulations were conducted in a co-simulation environment that has integrated the developed PCM model, EnergyPlus Department of Energy (DOE) prototypical model for a medium office building and a calibrated model for variable-speed direct-expansion cooling systems. The simulations covered five cities in different U.S. climate zones over a three-month cooling season and used actual time-of-use (TOU) rate schedules offered by the local electric utility companies. The simulation results have shown the PCM storage could reduce the on-peak energy consumption by 23–32% and the seasonal cooling electricity cost by up to 16%, with a simple rule-based control strategy. A simple payback analysis resulted in payback periods from 7.5 to 27 cooling months.

Suggested Citation

  • Hlanze, Philani & Elhefny, Aly & Jiang, Zhimin & Cai, Jie & Shabgard, Hamidreza, 2022. "In-duct phase change material-based energy storage to enhance building demand flexibility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:310:y:2022:i:c:s0306261922000095
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118520
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Oró, E. & de Gracia, A. & Castell, A. & Farid, M.M. & Cabeza, L.F., 2012. "Review on phase change materials (PCMs) for cold thermal energy storage applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 513-533.
    2. Yau, Y.H. & Lee, S.K., 2010. "Feasibility study of an ice slurry-cooling coil for HVAC and R systems in a tropical building," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(8), pages 2699-2711, August.
    3. Iten, Muriel & Liu, Shuli & Shukla, Ashish, 2016. "A review on the air-PCM-TES application for free cooling and heating in the buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 175-186.
    4. Silva, Tiago & Vicente, Romeu & Amaral, Cláudia & Figueiredo, António, 2016. "Thermal performance of a window shutter containing PCM: Numerical validation and experimental analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 64-84.
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    1. Hlanze, Philani & Jiang, Zhimin & Cai, Jie & Shen, Bo, 2023. "Model-based predictive control of multi-stage air-source heat pumps integrated with phase change material-embedded ceilings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    2. Zhou, Yuekuan, 2022. "Demand response flexibility with synergies on passive PCM walls, BIPVs, and active air-conditioning system in a subtropical climate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 204-225.
    3. Palmer, Ben & Arshad, Adeel & Yang, Yan & Wen, Chuang, 2023. "Energy storage performance improvement of phase change materials-based triplex-tube heat exchanger (TTHX) using liquid–solid interface-informed fin configurations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    4. Shun-Hsiung Peng & Shang-Lien Lo, 2023. "Hybrid (Optimal) Selection Model for Phase Change Materials Used in the Cold Energy Storage of Air Conditioning Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-15, December.
    5. Song, Yuguang & Xia, Mingchao & Chen, Qifang & Chen, Fangjian, 2023. "A data-model fusion dispatch strategy for the building energy flexibility based on the digital twin," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    6. Yang, Yunyun & Cai, Xufu & Kong, Weibo, 2023. "A novel intrinsic photothermal and flexible solid–solid phase change materials with super mechanical toughness and multi-recyclability," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    7. Deng, Jian & Huang, Qiqiu & Li, Xinxi & Zhang, Guoqing & Li, Canbing & Li, Songbo, 2024. "Influence mechanism of battery thermal management with flexible flame retardant composite phase change materials by temperature aging," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).

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