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Optimization of Water-Energy-Food Nexus considering CO2 emissions from cropland: A case study in northwest Iran

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  • Hasanzadeh Saray, Marzieh
  • Baubekova, Aziza
  • Gohari, Alireza
  • Eslamian, Seyed Saeid
  • Klove, Bjorn
  • Torabi Haghighi, Ali

Abstract

Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus and CO2 emissions for a farm in northwest Iran were analyzed to provide data support for decision-makers formulating national strategies in response to climate change. In the analysis, input–output energy in the production of seven crop species (alfalfa, barley, silage corn, potato, rapeseed, sugar beet, and wheat) was determined using six indicators, water, and energy consumption, mass productivity, and economic productivity. WEF Nexus index (WEFNI), calculated based on these indicators, showed the highest (best) value for silage corn and the lowest for potato. Nitrogen fertilizer and diesel fuel with an average of 36.8% and 30.6% of total input energy were the greatest contributors to energy demand. Because of the direct relationship between energy consumption and CO2 emissions, potato cropping, with the highest energy consumption, had the highest CO2 emissions with a value of 5166 kg CO2eq ha−1. A comparison of energy inputs and CO2 emissions revealed a direct relationship between input energy and global warming potential. A 1 MJ increase in input energy increased CO2 emissions by 0.047, 0.049, 0.047, 0.054, 0.046, 0.046, and 0.047 kg ha−1 for alfalfa, barley, silage corn, potato, rapeseed, sugar beet, and wheat, respectively. Optimization assessments to identify the optimal cultivation pattern, with emphasis on maximized WEFNI and minimized CO2 emissions, showed that barley, rapeseed, silage corn, and wheat performed best under the conditions studied.

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  • Hasanzadeh Saray, Marzieh & Baubekova, Aziza & Gohari, Alireza & Eslamian, Seyed Saeid & Klove, Bjorn & Torabi Haghighi, Ali, 2022. "Optimization of Water-Energy-Food Nexus considering CO2 emissions from cropland: A case study in northwest Iran," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:307:y:2022:i:c:s0306261921015002
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118236
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    6. Hourieh Masaeli & Alireza Gohari & Marzieh Hasanzadeh Saray & Ali Torabi Haghighi, 2023. "Developing a new water–energy–food‐greenhouse gases nexus tool for sustainable agricultural landscape management," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(2), pages 877-892, April.
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    10. Ruopeng Huang & Haibin Liu, 2024. "Evaluation and External Driving Factors Analysis of Water–Energy–Food Resilience Security—Based on Spatial Durbin Model and Four Provinces Along the Yellow River," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-18, November.
    11. Zhang, Y.F. & Li, Y.P. & Huang, G.H. & Zhai, X.B. & Ma, Y., 2024. "Improving efficiency and sustainability of water-agriculture-energy nexus in a transboundary river basin under climate change: A double-sided stochastic factional optimization method," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    12. Oviroh, Peter Ozaveshe & Austin-Breneman, Jesse & Chien, Cheng-Chun & Chakravarthula, Praneet Nallan & Harikumar, Vaishnavi & Shiva, Pranjal & Kimbowa, Alvin Bagetuuma & Luntz, Jonathan & Miyingo, Emm, 2023. "Micro Water-Energy-Food (MicroWEF) Nexus: A system design optimization framework for Integrated Natural Resource Conservation and Development (INRCD) projects at community scale," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    13. Feng, Meiqing & Chen, Yaning & Duan, Weili & Fang, Gonghuan & li, Zhi & Jiao, Li & Sun, Fan & Li, Yupeng & Hou, Yifeng, 2022. "Comprehensive evaluation of the water-energy-food nexus in the agricultural management of the Tarim River Basin, Northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).

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    Keywords

    Water; Energy; Food; Nexus; CO2 emission; Optimization;
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