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Temperature control in 5th generation district heating and cooling networks: An MILP-based operation optimization

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  • Wirtz, Marco
  • Neumaier, Lisa
  • Remmen, Peter
  • Müller, Dirk

Abstract

In order to realize an energy efficient and emission-free heat and cold supply in urban areas, 5th Generation District Heating and Cooling (5GDHC) networks are a promising technology. In 5GDHC networks, the control of the network temperature is crucial since it affects the efficiency of connected heat pumps and chillers, the heat losses (or gains) of the network, as well as the integration of waste heat or free cooling. Due to the large number of opposing effects, the optimal control of network temperatures is a challenging task. In this paper, a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) is proposed for short-term optimization of the network temperature in 5GDHC systems. The model comprises an air-source heat pump, compression chiller and thermal storage in a central generation unit as well as heat pumps, chillers, electric boilers and thermal storages in buildings. Furthermore, the model considers the thermal inertia of the water mass in the network which functions as additional thermal storage. The optimization model is real-time capable and designed to be deployed in a model-predictive control. In a case study, the optimization approach leads to cost savings in two of three investigated months (by 10 % and 60 % respectively) compared to a reference operation strategy (free floating network temperature).

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  • Wirtz, Marco & Neumaier, Lisa & Remmen, Peter & Müller, Dirk, 2021. "Temperature control in 5th generation district heating and cooling networks: An MILP-based operation optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:288:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921001422
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116608
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    7. Sommer, Tobias & Sotnikov, Artem & Sulzer, Matthias & Scholz, Volkher & Mischler, Stefan & Rismanchi, Behzad & Gjoka, Kristian & Mennel, Stefan, 2022. "Hydrothermal challenges in low-temperature networks with distributed heat pumps," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    8. Fiorentini, Massimo & Heer, Philipp & Baldini, Luca, 2023. "Design optimization of a district heating and cooling system with a borehole seasonal thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
    9. Gjoka, Kristian & Rismanchi, Behzad & Crawford, Robert H., 2024. "Fifth-generation district heating and cooling: Opportunities and implementation challenges in a mild climate," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    10. Markus Schindler & Lukas Gnam & Markus Puchegger & Karina Medwenitsch & Patricia Jasek, 2023. "Optimization-Based Operation of District Heating Networks: A Case Study for Two Real Sites," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-15, February.
    11. Yao, Shuai & Wu, Jianzhong & Qadrdan, Meysam, 2024. "A state-of-the-art analysis and perspectives on the 4th/5th generation district heating and cooling systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    12. Buonomano, A. & Forzano, C. & Mongibello, L. & Palombo, A. & Russo, G., 2024. "Optimising low-temperature district heating networks: A simulation-based approach with experimental verification," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    13. Divkovic, Denis & Knorr, Lukas & Schwesig, Ramon & Meschede, Henning, 2024. "Effects on dimensioning of heat supply technologies for district heating under consideration of future developments regarding investment costs and emission factors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    14. Li, Xiang & Yilmaz, Selin & Patel, Martin K. & Chambers, Jonathan, 2023. "Techno-economic analysis of fifth-generation district heating and cooling combined with seasonal borehole thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    15. Saletti, Costanza & Morini, Mirko & Gambarotta, Agostino, 2022. "Smart management of integrated energy systems through co-optimization with long and short horizons," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    16. Mengting Jiang & Camilo Rindt & David M. J. Smeulders, 2022. "Optimal Planning of Future District Heating Systems—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-38, September.
    17. Maccarini, Alessandro & Sotnikov, Artem & Sommer, Tobias & Wetter, Michael & Sulzer, Matthias & Afshari, Alireza, 2023. "Influence of building heat distribution temperatures on the energy performance and sizing of 5th generation district heating and cooling networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    18. Maier, Laura & Schönegge, Marius & Henn, Sarah & Hering, Dominik & Müller, Dirk, 2022. "Assessing mixed-integer-based heat pump modeling approaches for model predictive control applications in buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    19. Simon Kamerling & Valéry Vuillerme & Sylvain Rodat, 2021. "Solar Field Output Temperature Optimization Using a MILP Algorithm and a 0D Model in the Case of a Hybrid Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Plant for SHIP Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-22, June.
    20. Robin Zeh & Björn Ohlsen & David Philipp & David Bertermann & Tim Kotz & Nikola Jocić & Volker Stockinger, 2021. "Large-Scale Geothermal Collector Systems for 5th Generation District Heating and Cooling Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-18, May.
    21. Yang, Weijia & Huang, Yuping & Zhao, Daiqing, 2023. "A coupled hydraulic–thermal dynamic model for the steam network in a heat–electricity integrated energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PC).
    22. Kertu Lepiksaar & Vladislav Mašatin & Igor Krupenski & Anna Volkova, 2023. "Effects of Coupling Combined Heat and Power Production with District Cooling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-16, June.

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