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Synergies between energy arbitrage and fast frequency response for battery energy storage systems

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  • Pusceddu, Elian
  • Zakeri, Behnam
  • Castagneto Gissey, Giorgio

Abstract

Energy storage can make key contributions to balancing future low-carbon energy systems by providing a variety of energy system services, with batteries expected to be widely deployed as costs fall with innovation. This paper assesses whether synergies exist between two of the most significant of these services, fast frequency response and energy arbitrage, if a battery energy storage system (BESS) is used to deliver both. A techno-economic model is developed to simulate 600 possible fast frequency response availability windows. Results show that two distinct synergies exist between the two services. The first synergy accounts for the possibility of charging outside the deadband for delivering fast frequency response. We propose an innovative state-of-charge management strategy to exploit this synergy. The second synergy results from energy arbitrage revenues being highly concentrated around peak times, which can enable a battery system to capture most of the arbitrage revenues without an excessive reduction in revenues from capacity provision with enhanced frequency response. The combination of these two synergies means that a battery system could increase its operating profits by 25% by delivering arbitrage and frequency response alternately. This result is shown to be statistically robust using historical data. A battery system able to discharge for 1.5–2 h at its full power rating will most most likely optimise these synergies.

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  • Pusceddu, Elian & Zakeri, Behnam & Castagneto Gissey, Giorgio, 2021. "Synergies between energy arbitrage and fast frequency response for battery energy storage systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:283:y:2021:i:c:s0306261920316640
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116274
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    3. Nitsch, Felix & Deissenroth-Uhrig, Marc & Schimeczek, Christoph & Bertsch, Valentin, 2021. "Economic evaluation of battery storage systems bidding on day-ahead and automatic frequency restoration reserves markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
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    7. Wen, Kerui & Li, Weidong & Yu, Samson Shenglong & Li, Ping & Shi, Peng, 2022. "Optimal intra-day operations of behind-the-meter battery storage for primary frequency regulation provision: A hybrid lookahead method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    8. Zakeri, Behnam & Gissey, Giorgio Castagneto & Dodds, Paul E. & Subkhankulova, Dina, 2021. "Centralized vs. distributed energy storage – Benefits for residential users," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    9. Joel Alpízar-Castillo & Laura Ramirez-Elizondo & Pavol Bauer, 2022. "Assessing the Role of Energy Storage in Multiple Energy Carriers toward Providing Ancillary Services: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-31, December.
    10. Sai, Wei & Pan, Zehua & Liu, Siyu & Jiao, Zhenjun & Zhong, Zheng & Miao, Bin & Chan, Siew Hwa, 2023. "Event-driven forecasting of wholesale electricity price and frequency regulation price using machine learning algorithms," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 352(C).
    11. Zhang, Mingze & Li, Weidong & Yu, Samson Shenglong & Wang, Haixia & Ba, Yu, 2024. "Optimal day-ahead large-scale battery dispatch model for multi-regulation participation considering full timescale uncertainties," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    12. Yuan, Meng & Sorknæs, Peter & Lund, Henrik & Liang, Yongtu, 2022. "The bidding strategies of large-scale battery storage in 100% renewable smart energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    13. Bahloul, Mohamed & Daoud, Mohamed & Khadem, Shafi K., 2024. "Optimal dispatch of battery energy storage for multi-service provision in a collocated PV power plant considering battery ageing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    14. Ekaterina Bayborodina & Michael Negnevitsky & Evan Franklin & Alison Washusen, 2021. "Grid-Scale Battery Energy Storage Operation in Australian Electricity Spot and Contingency Reserve Markets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-21, December.

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