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Contracted energy flexibility characteristics of communities: Analysis of a control strategy for demand response

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  • El Geneidy, Rami
  • Howard, Bianca

Abstract

Increasing energy system flexibility through demand-side measures will help meet challenges brought by the transition to a low-carbon energy system. Through participation in demand response programmes, buildings can act as sources of contracted flexibility. Contracted flexibility, in this work, is defined as energy flexibility that is supplied to fulfil a set of contractual terms that define when and how demand modifications are delivered and under which incentives or penalties. This paper identifies the factors affecting contracted energy flexibility potential of homes implemented with a model-predictive control strategy designed to deliver a simplified but yet generalisable incentive-based demand response scheme. The control strategy was implemented in centralised and naive-decentralised architectures using co-simulations to observe interaction of the controller with an English community of 30 homes fitted with air-source heat pumps. The results showed that the control strategy was able to deliver sustained demand reductions without violating comfort by preheating the homes prior to demand response periods, if conditions were suitable. Preheating the homes increased overall energy consumption and, in some cases, caused a peak in electricity demand prior to the DR period. Modifying factors of control operation, like the coordination strategy, magnitudes of penalties, control constraints and notice period between call for demand reduction and its delivery, were shown to affect the ability to deliver demand reductions. The contracted flexibility potential of the community was shown to be characterised by the buildings and their systems, the physical and contractual environment, and behaviour and preferences of the occupants.

Suggested Citation

  • El Geneidy, Rami & Howard, Bianca, 2020. "Contracted energy flexibility characteristics of communities: Analysis of a control strategy for demand response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:263:y:2020:i:c:s0306261920301124
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114600
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    1. Junker, Rune Grønborg & Azar, Armin Ghasem & Lopes, Rui Amaral & Lindberg, Karen Byskov & Reynders, Glenn & Relan, Rishi & Madsen, Henrik, 2018. "Characterizing the energy flexibility of buildings and districts," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 175-182.
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    3. Dongsu Kim & Yeobeom Yoon & Jongman Lee & Pedro J. Mago & Kwangho Lee & Heejin Cho, 2022. "Design and Implementation of Smart Buildings: A Review of Current Research Trend," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-17, June.
    4. Ran, Fengming & Gao, Dian-ce & Zhang, Xu & Chen, Shuyue, 2020. "A virtual sensor based self-adjusting control for HVAC fast demand response in commercial buildings towards smart grid applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
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    6. Derakhtenjani, Ali Saberi & Athienitis, Andreas K., 2021. "A frequency domain transfer function methodology for thermal characterization and design for energy flexibility of zones with radiant systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1033-1045.
    7. Di Silvestre, Maria Luisa & Ippolito, Mariano Giuseppe & Sanseverino, Eleonora Riva & Sciumè, Giuseppe & Vasile, Antony, 2021. "Energy self-consumers and renewable energy communities in Italy: New actors of the electric power systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    8. Adrian Tantau & András Puskás-Tompos & Costel Stanciu & Laurentiu Fratila & Catalin Curmei, 2021. "Key Factors Which Contribute to the Participation of Consumers in Demand Response Programs and Enable the Proliferation of Renewable Energy Sources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-22, December.
    9. Osaru Agbonaye & Patrick Keatley & Ye Huang & Motasem Bani Mustafa & Neil Hewitt, 2020. "Design, Valuation and Comparison of Demand Response Strategies for Congestion Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-29, November.
    10. Junker, Rune Grønborg & Kallesøe, Carsten Skovmose & Real, Jaume Palmer & Howard, Bianca & Lopes, Rui Amaral & Madsen, Henrik, 2020. "Stochastic nonlinear modelling and application of price-based energy flexibility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    11. Niko Karhula & Seppo Sierla & Valeriy Vyatkin, 2021. "Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-19, October.
    12. Kong, Xiangyu & Wang, Zhengtao & Liu, Chao & Zhang, Delong & Gao, Hongchao, 2023. "Refined peak shaving potential assessment and differentiated decision-making method for user load in virtual power plants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    13. Bing Wang & Qiran Cai & Zhenming Sun, 2020. "Determinants of Willingness to Participate in Urban Incentive-Based Energy Demand-Side Response: An Empirical Micro-Data Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-18, September.
    14. O'Connell, Sarah & Reynders, Glenn & Keane, Marcus M., 2021. "Impact of source variability on flexibility for demand response," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    15. Ali Saberi Derakhtenjani & Andreas K. Athienitis, 2021. "Model Predictive Control Strategies to Activate the Energy Flexibility for Zones with Hydronic Radiant Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-19, February.
    16. Marko Jelić & Marko Batić & Nikola Tomašević & Andrew Barney & Heracles Polatidis & Tracey Crosbie & Dana Abi Ghanem & Michael Short & Gobind Pillai, 2020. "Towards Self-Sustainable Island Grids through Optimal Utilization of Renewable Energy Potential and Community Engagement," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-22, July.
    17. Shu, Lei & Mo, Yunjeong & Zhao, Dong, 2024. "Energy retrofits for smart and connected communities: Scopes and technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    18. Maitanova, Nailya & Schlüters, Sunke & Hanke, Benedikt & von Maydell, Karsten, 2024. "An analytical method for quantifying the flexibility potential of decentralised energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    19. Fu, Yangyang & O'Neill, Zheng & Wen, Jin & Pertzborn, Amanda & Bushby, Steven T., 2022. "Utilizing commercial heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems to provide grid services: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    20. Petrucci, Andrea & Ayevide, Follivi Kloutse & Buonomano, Annamaria & Athienitis, Andreas, 2023. "Development of energy aggregators for virtual communities: The energy efficiency-flexibility nexus for demand response," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    21. Amaral Lopes, Rui & Grønborg Junker, Rune & Martins, João & Murta-Pina, João & Reynders, Glenn & Madsen, Henrik, 2020. "Characterisation and use of energy flexibility in water pumping and storage systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    22. Heffron, Raphael & Körner, Marc-Fabian & Wagner, Jonathan & Weibelzahl, Martin & Fridgen, Gilbert, 2020. "Industrial demand-side flexibility: A key element of a just energy transition and industrial development," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).

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