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Bioenergy production on marginal land in Canada: Potential, economic feasibility, and greenhouse gas emissions impacts

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  • Liu, Tingting
  • Huffman, Ted
  • Kulshreshtha, Suren
  • McConkey, Brian
  • Du, Yuneng
  • Green, Melodie
  • Liu, Jiangui
  • Shang, Jiali
  • Geng, Xiaoyuan

Abstract

Growing energy crops such as perennial grasses and trees on marginal land offers the possibility of reducing the competition with food crops for land resources. Identifying the productivity, economic feasibility and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions impact is the premise of our study on using marginal land for bioenergy production in Canada. The area of marginal land available was identified by intersecting national maps of land suitability and land cover. The costs and potential returns of growing energy crops on marginal land were then analyzed, and the GHG emissions were evaluated using a GHG emissions model. The results indicated that approximately 9.48 million ha of potentially useable marginal land was available in Canada. The land cover of the available marginal land consists of grassland (68.2%) and shrubland (31.8%). If the available marginal land was completely utilized, the biomass production would be 23.7 million tonnes of switchgrass or 51.2 million tonnes of hybrid poplar. The production of biofuel from these biomass sources would be 5.69 and 11.26 billion L, equivalent to 14.0% and 27.7% of the total transportation gasoline consumption in Canada in 2014, for switchgrass and poplar, respectively. On the marginal land, the average production cost was estimated to be approximately 68.2 CAD $/t (173.8 CAD $/ha) for switchgrass, and 26.2 CAD $/t (140.2 CAD $/ha) for coppiced hybrid poplar. The production of biomass showed a positive net return on marginal land in Ontario (eastern Canada), with a biomass price of 99 CAD $/t and 35 CAD $/t for switchgrass and coppiced hybrid poplar, respectively. When the biomass price is less than 101 CAD $/t, growing switchgrass in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, where 69% of Canada’s marginal land is located, was not considered economically attractive. By replacing fossil fuel, the maximum potential switchgrass production on marginal land would reduce GHG emissions by 29.49 million t CO2-eq/yr. However, when considering the economic aspect of production, the potential reduction of 6.1 million tonnes CO2/yr from planting poplar is more viable. Further analysis of the broader economic value of the current use of marginal land (primarily livestock grazing) and the impacts on biodiversity, soil quality, and water resources is needed to completely assess the practicality of a widespread increase in biomass production for bioenergy on Canada’s marginal land.

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  • Liu, Tingting & Huffman, Ted & Kulshreshtha, Suren & McConkey, Brian & Du, Yuneng & Green, Melodie & Liu, Jiangui & Shang, Jiali & Geng, Xiaoyuan, 2017. "Bioenergy production on marginal land in Canada: Potential, economic feasibility, and greenhouse gas emissions impacts," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 477-485.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:205:y:2017:i:c:p:477-485
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.126
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    2. Liu, Zhen & Saydaliev, Hayot Berk & Lan, Jing & Ali, Sajid & Anser, Muhammad Khalid, 2022. "Assessing the effectiveness of biomass energy in mitigating CO2 emissions: Evidence from Top-10 biomass energy consumer countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 842-851.
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    5. Yan, Dan & Liu, Litao & Li, Jinkai & Wu, Jiaqian & Qin, Wei & Werners, Saskia E., 2021. "Are the planning targets of liquid biofuel development achievable in China under climate change?," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    6. Ben Zhang & Jie Yang & Yinxia Cao, 2021. "Assessing Potential Bioenergy Production on Urban Marginal Land in 20 Major Cities of China by the Use of Multi-View High-Resolution Remote Sensing Data," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-20, June.
    7. Liu, Jiangui & Huffman, Ted & Green, Melodie, 2018. "Potential impacts of agricultural land use on soil cover in response to bioenergy production in Canada," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 33-42.
    8. Peiwei Fan & Mengmeng Hao & Fangyu Ding & Dong Jiang & Donglin Dong, 2020. "Quantifying Global Potential Marginal Land Resources for Switchgrass," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-13, November.
    9. Amir Behzad Bazrgar & Aeryn Ng & Brent Coleman & Muhammad Waseem Ashiq & Andrew Gordon & Naresh Thevathasan, 2020. "Long-Term Monitoring of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Woody and Herbaceous Bioenergy Crop Production Systems on Marginal Lands in Southern Ontario, Canada," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-16, May.
    10. Ewelina Olba-Zięty & Mariusz Jerzy Stolarski & Michał Krzyżaniak, 2021. "Economic Evaluation of the Production of Perennial Crops for Energy Purposes—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-16, November.
    11. Bennett, Carly & Blanchet, Jocelyn & Trowell, Keena & Bergthorson, Jeffrey, 2023. "Decarbonizing Canada’s energy supply and exports with solar PV and e-fuels," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
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