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Return Migration from Nineteenth Century Australia: Key Drivers and Gender Differences

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  • Tony Ward

Abstract

This paper sheds new light on return migration from Australia to the UK in the latter nineteenth century. It uses data from shipping records, and from a random sample of the 23,000 Australian‐born in the 1911 Census of England and Wales. Based on these sources, it estimates some 20% of migrants to Australia returned: higher among the wealthy, but still 12% of semi‐ and unskilled working class migrants returned. There was a preponderance of women among returnees. From that, and other evidence such as the geographic spread of returnees across England, the paper argues that social networks played critical roles in decisions to return.

Suggested Citation

  • Tony Ward, 2021. "Return Migration from Nineteenth Century Australia: Key Drivers and Gender Differences," Australian Economic History Review, Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(1), pages 80-101, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:ozechr:v:61:y:2021:i:1:p:80-101
    DOI: 10.1111/aehr.12212
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Christian Dustmann & Joseph-Simon Görlach, 2016. "The Economics of Temporary Migrations," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 54(1), pages 98-136, March.
    2. Gibson, John & McKenzie, David, 2011. "The microeconomic determinants of emigration and return migration of the best and brightest: Evidence from the Pacific," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(1), pages 18-29, May.
    3. Mincer, Jacob, 1978. "Family Migration Decisions," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 86(5), pages 749-773, October.
    4. Deborah Cobb-Clark & Steven Stillman, 2013. "Return migration and the age profile of retirement among immigrants," IZA Journal of Migration and Development, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 2(1), pages 1-20, December.
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    1. Hatton, Timothy J., 2024. "The political economy of assisted immigration: Australia 1860–1913," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).

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