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Fire and Ice: Unnatural Disasters and the Disposable Urban Poor in Post‐Apartheid Johannesburg

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  • MARTIN J. MURRAY

Abstract

Johannesburg is a divided city where propertied middle‐class residents and the urban poor live in existentially separate worlds. If the steady accretion of luxury entertainment sites, enclosed shopping malls and gated residential communities in the northern suburbs has come to symbolize the entry of middle‐class urbanites into the culture of aspirant ‘world class’ cities, then the proliferation of overcrowded, resource‐starved informal settlements on the periurban fringe represents the dystopian features of distressed urbanism. The risk‐prone environments of informal squatter settlements magnify the impact of catastrophic events like fires and floods, and the intersection of disaster‐vulnerable settlement patterns with relaxed planning regulations and building standards, lack of preparation for unsuspected calamities, and inadequate crisis management creates entirely new artificial hazards. These unnatural disasters cannot simply be attributed to ‘bad luck’ or nature's destructive force. Disaster‐vulnerability and exposure to risk are unevenly distributed across the metropolis. By focusing attention on the catastrophic fires that regularly destroy shanty settlements in places like Alexandra township at the northeast corner of Johannesburg, it is possible to reveal a largely hidden structure of marginality and social insecurity that is a permanent condition of everyday life for the urban poor. Résumé Johannesburg est une ville divisée où habitants de la classe moyenne possédante et citadins pauvres vivent dans des univers d’existence séparés. Si l’augmentation régulière des lieux de distractions, centres commerciaux et enclaves privées sécurisées dans les banlieues Nord signe l’accès des citadins de la classe moyenne à la culture des villes candidates à‘l’échelon international’, la prolifération d’implantations sauvages surpeuplées et dépourvues de ressources à la limite périurbaine traduit les caractères dystopiques d’un urbanisme sinistré. Les environnements à risque des implantations sauvages des squatters amplifient l’impact des catastrophes telles que les incendies ou inondations, tandis que la conjonction entre modèles d’implantations à risque assortis de réglementations d’urbanisme et de normes de construction assouplies, préparation insuffisante à des calamités insoupçonnées et gestion inappropriée des crises, crée des risques artificiels totalement nouveaux. On ne peut attribuer ces désastres non naturels simplement à la malchance ou à la force destructrice de la nature. La vulnérabilité face aux catastrophes et l’exposition au risque ne se répartissent pas uniformément dans la métropole. En s’intéressant aux incendies qui ravagent régulièrement les bidonvilles existants, comme le township d’Alexandra dans la zone nord‐est de Johannesburg, on peut mettre à jour une structure quasi invisible de marginalité et d’insécurité sociale qui constitue un état permanent dans la vie quotidienne des citadins pauvres.

Suggested Citation

  • Martin J. Murray, 2009. "Fire and Ice: Unnatural Disasters and the Disposable Urban Poor in Post‐Apartheid Johannesburg," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(1), pages 165-192, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:33:y:2009:i:1:p:165-192
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00835.x
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    1. Hochfeld, Tessa & Graham, Lauren & Patel, Leila & Moodley, Jacqueline & Ross, Eleanor, 2016. "Does school breakfast make a difference? An evaluation of an in-school breakfast programme in South Africa," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1-9.
    2. John Twigg & Nicola Christie & James Haworth & Emmanuel Osuteye & Artemis Skarlatidou, 2017. "Improved Methods for Fire Risk Assessment in Low-Income and Informal Settlements," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-12, February.
    3. Jun Hu & Xuecai Xie & Xueming Shu & Shifei Shen & Xiaoyong Ni & Lei Zhang, 2022. "Fire Risk Assessments of Informal Settlements Based on Fire Risk Index and Bayesian Network," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-18, November.
    4. Andrew Rumbach & Manish Shirgaokar, 2017. "Predictors of household exposure to monsoon rain hazards in informal settlements," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 85(2), pages 709-728, January.
    5. Wangui Kimari, 2018. "Activists, care work, and the ‘cry of the ghetto’ in Nairobi, Kenya," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 4(1), pages 1-7, December.

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