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Spatial factor modeling: A Bayesian matrix‐normal approach for misaligned data

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  • Lu Zhang
  • Sudipto Banerjee

Abstract

Multivariate spatially oriented data sets are prevalent in the environmental and physical sciences. Scientists seek to jointly model multiple variables, each indexed by a spatial location, to capture any underlying spatial association for each variable and associations among the different dependent variables. Multivariate latent spatial process models have proved effective in driving statistical inference and rendering better predictive inference at arbitrary locations for the spatial process. High‐dimensional multivariate spatial data, which are the theme of this article, refer to data sets where the number of spatial locations and the number of spatially dependent variables is very large. The field has witnessed substantial developments in scalable models for univariate spatial processes, but such methods for multivariate spatial processes, especially when the number of outcomes are moderately large, are limited in comparison. Here, we extend scalable modeling strategies for a single process to multivariate processes. We pursue Bayesian inference, which is attractive for full uncertainty quantification of the latent spatial process. Our approach exploits distribution theory for the matrix‐normal distribution, which we use to construct scalable versions of a hierarchical linear model of coregionalization (LMC) and spatial factor models that deliver inference over a high‐dimensional parameter space including the latent spatial process. We illustrate the computational and inferential benefits of our algorithms over competing methods using simulation studies and an analysis of a massive vegetation index data set.

Suggested Citation

  • Lu Zhang & Sudipto Banerjee, 2022. "Spatial factor modeling: A Bayesian matrix‐normal approach for misaligned data," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 78(2), pages 560-573, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:biomet:v:78:y:2022:i:2:p:560-573
    DOI: 10.1111/biom.13452
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Qian Ren & Sudipto Banerjee, 2013. "Hierarchical Factor Models for Large Spatially Misaligned Data: A Low-Rank Predictive Process Approach," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 69(1), pages 19-30, March.
    2. Abhirup Datta & Sudipto Banerjee & Andrew O. Finley & Alan E. Gelfand, 2016. "Hierarchical Nearest-Neighbor Gaussian Process Models for Large Geostatistical Datasets," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 111(514), pages 800-812, April.
    3. Matthew J. Heaton & Abhirup Datta & Andrew O. Finley & Reinhard Furrer & Joseph Guinness & Rajarshi Guhaniyogi & Florian Gerber & Robert B. Gramacy & Dorit Hammerling & Matthias Katzfuss & Finn Lindgr, 2019. "A Case Study Competition Among Methods for Analyzing Large Spatial Data," Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, Springer;The International Biometric Society;American Statistical Association, vol. 24(3), pages 398-425, September.
    4. Finley, Andrew O. & Banerjee, Sudipto & Carlin, Bradley P., 2007. "spBayes: An R Package for Univariate and Multivariate Hierarchical Point-referenced Spatial Models," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 19(i04).
    5. Gneiting, Tilmann & Raftery, Adrian E., 2007. "Strictly Proper Scoring Rules, Prediction, and Estimation," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 102, pages 359-378, March.
    6. Alan Gelfand & Alexandra Schmidt & Sudipto Banerjee & C. Sirmans, 2004. "Nonstationary multivariate process modeling through spatially varying coregionalization," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 13(2), pages 263-312, December.
    7. Nhu D. Le & Weimin Sun & James V. Zidek, 1997. "Bayesian Multivariate Spatial Interpolation with Data Missing by Design," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 59(2), pages 501-510.
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    9. Robert Thorndike, 1953. "Who belongs in the family?," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 18(4), pages 267-276, December.
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    1. Sudipto Banerjee, 2023. "Discussion of “Saving Storage in Climate Ensembles: A Model-Based Stochastic Approach” by Huang Huang, Stefano Castruccio, Allison H. Baker and Marc Genton," Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, Springer;The International Biometric Society;American Statistical Association, vol. 28(2), pages 365-369, June.

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