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Les Américains ont-ils accepté les OGM ? Analyse comparée de la construction des OGM comme problème public en France et aux Etats-Unis

Author

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  • Pierre-Benoit, Joly
  • Claire, Marris

Abstract

Comment expliquer que l’utilisation des organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) dans l’agriculture et l’alimentation pose problème en France où ils ne sont pratiquement pas utilisés et semble aller de soi aux États-Unis, où ils le sont à grande échelle ? Selon certains, les consommateurs américains ont accepté les aliments transgéniques, du fait d’une différence d’attitude à l’égard des risques, de l’alimentation et de la nature. Rejetant cette explication, cet article présente une analyse comparée de la trajectoire des OGM comme problème public en France et aux États-Unis. Il démontre que les arguments très similaires sont mis en avant par les opposants et protagonistes se focalisent sur les mêmes zones de conflits. Mais alors qu’en France (et plus largement en Europe), les arguments des opposants « cristallisent » au cours d’épreuves spécifiques et contribuent à la définition des dimensions cognitives et normatives des OGM comme problème public, cette «cristallisation » n’a pas lieu aux États-Unis. Trois facteurs semblent expliquer cette différence : (i) les choix réglementaires très différents réalisés en 1990 ; (ii) le fait que l’utilité des plantes transgéniques est mal perçue en France alors que leur assimilation avec le projet d’une agriculture intensive et exportatrice est perçue positivement aux États-Unis ; (iii) l’influence grandissante d’un cadre plus large et «constructiviste » pour l’analyse des risques en Europe, alors qu’aux États-Unis les instances réglementaires continuent à fonder leur légitimité sur la « sound science ».

Suggested Citation

  • Pierre-Benoit, Joly & Claire, Marris, 2003. "Les Américains ont-ils accepté les OGM ? Analyse comparée de la construction des OGM comme problème public en France et aux Etats-Unis," Cahiers d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales (CESR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), vol. 68.
    • Handle: RePEc:ags:inrace:202762
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.202762
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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