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Genetically modified crops in the European Union: regulatory conflicts as precautionary opportunities

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  • Les Levidow
  • Susan Carr
  • David Wield

Abstract

The first genetically modified crops and foods to be approved for commercial use in the European Union have prompted intense controversy. Food retailers and processors have been forced to take up the concerns voiced by their customers. New networks of groups have formed to oppose the technology. In response to these pressures, regulators who approved the products have had to reconsider questions they had previously dismissed or officially resolved. Governments have devised more precautionary measures of various kinds. For example, they have increased the burden of evidence for demonstrating safety, have broadened the practical definition of the ‘adverse effects’ which must be prevented, and have devised marketstage precautions for such effects. These extra measures manage the risk debate as well as any risks. In such ways, the technocratic model of European harmonization is being challenged and superseded. This may allow differences in national practices to be viewed as valuable expert resources for a different harmonization model, rather than as deviations from a universal rational norm. Regulatory conflicts offer precautionary opportunities, which could lead to more flexible and democratic procedures. Theoretical perspectives -- on risk, uncertainty, precaution, European integration, expertise and the internal market -- help illuminate these possibilities.

Suggested Citation

  • Les Levidow & Susan Carr & David Wield, 2000. "Genetically modified crops in the European Union: regulatory conflicts as precautionary opportunities," Journal of Risk Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 3(3), pages 189-208, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:189-208
    DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043062
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    1. repec:sae:envval:v:12:y:2003:i:2:p:195-224 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Pierre-Benoit, Joly & Claire, Marris, 2003. "Les Américains ont-ils accepté les OGM ? Analyse comparée de la construction des OGM comme problème public en France et aux Etats-Unis," Cahiers d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales (CESR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), vol. 68.
    3. Rongting Zhou & Dong Wang & Ahmad Nabeel Siddiquei & Muhammad Azfar Anwar & Ali Hammad & Fahad Asmi & Qing Ye & Muhammad Asim Nawaz, 2019. "GMO/GMF on Social Media in China: Jagged Landscape of Information Seeking and Sharing Behavior through a Valence View," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-19, December.
    4. Millstone, Erik, 2009. "Science, risk and governance: Radical rhetorics and the realities of reform in food safety governance," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 624-636, May.
    5. Coléno, François, 2007. "PR - A Model To Evaluate The Feasibility Of GM And Non-GM Co-existence In Europe At Farm And Collection Firm Level For Maize," 16th Congress, Cork, Ireland, July 15-20, 2007 345367, International Farm Management Association.
    6. Gerstetter, Christiane & Maier, Matthias Leonhard, 2005. "Risk regulation, trade and international law: debating the precautionary principle in and around the WTO," TranState Working Papers 18, University of Bremen, Collaborative Research Center 597: Transformations of the State.
    7. Pierre-Benoît Joly, 2001. "Les OGM entre la science et le public? Quatre modèles pour la gouvernance de l'innovation et des risques," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 266(1), pages 11-29.
    8. Coléno, F.C. & Angevin, F. & Lécroart, B., 2009. "A model to evaluate the consequences of GM and non-GM segregation scenarios on GM crop placement in the landscape and cross-pollination risk management," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 101(1-2), pages 49-56, June.
    9. Pierre-Benoit Joly & Claire Marris, 2003. "Les Américains ont-ils accepté les OGM ? Analyse comparée de la construction des OGM comme problème public en France et aux Etats-Unis," Post-Print hal-01201044, HAL.
    10. François Coléno & Mourad Hannachi, 2015. "A Simulation model to evaluate the effect of cooperation between grain merchants in managing GM and non-GM segregation for maize," Post-Print hal-01198228, HAL.
    11. Pierre-Benoit Joly & Claire Marris, 2003. "Les Américains ont-ils accepté les OGM ? Analyse comparée de la construction des OGM comme problème public en France et aux Etats-Unis," Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, INRA Department of Economics, vol. 68, pages 11-45.
    12. Annie Bartoli & Philippe Hermel & François Coleno & Mourad Hannachi & Ivan Samson & Aurelie Ewango-Chatelet & Delphine Philip de Saint Julien & Martial Kadji Ngassam, 2014. "Les cahiers de recherche du LAREQUOI Vol.2014/2," Post-Print hal-04646521, HAL.
    13. Coléno, F.C. & Hannachi, M., 2011. "PR - A Simulation Model To Evaluate The Effect Of Cooperation Between Grain Merchants In Managing Gm And Non-GM Segregation For Maize In Europe (p60-67)," 18th Congress, Methven, New Zealand, 2011 345557, International Farm Management Association.

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