Female representation in Economics, as of October 2024

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 18482 of 69756 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.4%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	73.56	17	23.1
Argentina	395.96	99.91	25.2
Australia	1589.07	393.5	24.7
Austria	555.64	121.87	21.9
Azerbaijan	52.85	10	18.9
Bangladesh	189.73	20.65	10.8
Belgium	880.59	231.24	26.2
Bolivia	86.06	24.24	28.1
Brazil	897.05	143.76	16
Bulgaria	250.32	125.92	50.3
Cameroun	64.39	10.18	15.8
Canada	1732.19	369.64	21.3
Chile	460.66	67.87	14.7
China	1555.77	425.47	27.3
Colombia	701.52	160.24	22.8
Croatia	164.61	85.48	51.9
Czech Republic	534.86	173.11	32.3
Denmark	432.4	106.68	24.6
Ecuador	130.07	36.08	27.7
Egypt	110.23	43.57	39.5
Estonia	55.69	18	32.3
Ethiopia	72.37	16.5	22.7
Finland	266.69	67.75	25.4
France	3837.58	1231.23	32
Germany	3592.49	906.69	25.2
Ghana	129.14	12.74	9.8
Greece	608.05	141.16	23.2
Hong Kong	159.36	29.06	18.2
Hungary	405.56	90.26	22.2
India	1223.49	353.04	28.8
Indonesia	418.35	109.56	26.1
Iran	157.52	20	12.6
Ireland	342.84	112.09	32.6
Israel	244.88	42	17.1
Italy	3498.9	1141.87	32.6
Japan	1253.69	166.39	13.2
Kazakhstan	64	15	23.4
Lebanon	57.47	13.52	23.5
Luxembourg	181.58	46.9	25.8
North Macedonia	71.84	32.45	45.1
Malaysia	395.32	101.6	25.7
Mexico	431.7	81.72	18.9
Morocco	91.94	16.1	17.5
Netherlands	1195.15	270.3	22.6
New Zealand	284.34	64.72	22.7
Nigeria	378.53	65.88	17.4
Norway	489.95	94.96	19.3
Pakistan	524.89	114.62	21.8
Peru	249.69	43.39	17.3
Philippines	173.97	62.02	35.6
Poland	740.45	248.36	33.5
Portugal	706	252.86	35.8
Romania	1165.26	679.87	58.3
Russia	1612.07	724.3	44.9
Saudi Arabia	84.96	6.4	7.5
Singapore	209.2	44.75	21.3
Slovakia	147.94	52.46	35.4
Slovenia	51.16	12	23.4
South Africa	405.67	122	30
South Korea	410.34	93.93	22.8
Spain	2584.32	838.39	32.4
Sri Lanka	52.35	22.34	42.6
Sweden	733.14	183.28	25
Switzerland	1094.25	255.94	23.3
Taiwan	259.1	58.05	22.4
Thailand	152.14	61.94	40.7
Tunisia	259.46	83.6	32.2
Turkey	928.57	244.55	26.3
United Arab Emirates	108.77	20.14	18.5
United Kingdom	3930.56	1016.26	25.8
Ukraine	209.2	76.3	36.4
Uruguay	131.94	50.9	38.5
United States	12516.74	2871.02	22.9
Viet Nam	220.83	59.75	27

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	97.89	21.81	22.2
Arkansas (United States)	52.38	10.16	19.3
Arizona (United States)	124.6	30.49	24.4
California (United States)	1178.33	258.59	21.9
Colorado (United States)	140.1	29.51	21
Connecticut (United States)	237.22	44.15	18.6
District of Columbia (United States)	2461.5	665.45	27
Florida (United States)	255.51	58.5	22.8
Georgia (United States)	301.23	69.91	23.2
Iowa (United States)	80.42	21	26.1
Illinois (United States)	548.33	103.04	18.7
Indiana (United States)	267	56.43	21.1
Kansas (United States)	70.04	11.89	16.9
Kentucky (United States)	86.34	14.9	17.2
Louisiana (United States)	85.5	17.3	20.2
Massachusetts (United States)	904.94	214.75	23.7
Maryland (United States)	229.02	48.25	21
Maine (United States)	50.8	11.75	23.1
Michigan (United States)	300.6	56.79	18.8
Minnesota (United States)	171.57	38.73	22.5
Missouri (United States)	246.23	62.27	25.2
North Carolina (United States)	329.03	60.47	18.3
New Hampshire (United States)	69.84	17.77	25.4
New Jersey (United States)	202.37	43.85	21.6
New York (United States)	1013.86	236.23	23.3
Ohio (United States)	287.66	65.77	22.8
Oklahoma (United States)	85.7	22.87	26.6
Oregon (United States)	62.7	18.5	29.5
Pennsylvania (United States)	554.81	128.39	23.1
Rhode Island (United States)	87.77	16.5	18.7
South Carolina (United States)	84.24	16	18.9
Tennessee (United States)	154.91	30.91	19.9
Texas (United States)	506.9	104.03	20.5
Utah (United States)	117.94	18.3	15.5
Virginia (United States)	353.25	78.23	22.1
Washington (United States)	100.04	26.72	26.7
Wisconsin (United States)	164.13	36.47	22.2

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	168.32	48.14	28.6
NEP-AFR: Africa	302.17	72.88	24.1
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	340.16	110.28	32.4
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1442.53	401.85	27.8
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	382.46	111.64	29.1
NEP-BAN: Banking	894.34	213.01	23.8
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	453.59	99.82	22
NEP-BIG: Big Data	245.17	56.72	23.1
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1264	249.49	19.7
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	375.25	93.41	24.8
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	335.02	67.09	20
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	274.14	53.54	19.5
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	475	201.47	42.4
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	363.6	77.29	21.2
NEP-CNA: China	280.69	95.89	34.1
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	728.4	136.89	18.7
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	350.93	112.52	32
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	162.66	33.29	20.4
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	84.34	33.21	39.3
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	297.9	74.64	25
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	217.04	52.37	24.1
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	187.31	80.47	42.9
NEP-DES: Economic Design	153.69	30.21	19.6
NEP-DEV: Development	731.6	224.52	30.6
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1283.01	243.86	19
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	829.26	131.22	15.8
NEP-EDU: Education	503.86	164.21	32.5
NEP-EEC: European Economics	711.47	175.76	24.7
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	519.34	127.31	24.5
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1453.26	354.35	24.3
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	355.78	86.32	24.2
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1835.65	494.7	26.9
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	345.79	52.47	15.1
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	841.98	313.89	37.2
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	153.98	26.49	17.2
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1278.98	358.65	28
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	438.56	112.05	25.5
NEP-FIN: Finance	69.42	9.14	13.1
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	57.93	24.64	42.5
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	240.3	42.56	17.7
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	242.7	51.76	21.3
NEP-GEN: Gender	117.18	64.78	55.2
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	523.53	115.06	21.9
NEP-GER: German Papers	188.08	43.79	23.2
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	231.09	48.33	20.9
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	636.77	113.26	17.7
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	125.13	39.25	31.3
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	924.64	308.47	33.3
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	900.07	198.78	22
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	288.29	82.28	28.5
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	281.99	50.26	17.8
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	266.9	75.65	28.3
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	274.21	71.76	26.1
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	150.16	43.27	28.8
NEP-IFN: International Finance	226.27	47.36	20.9
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	196.97	38.45	19.5
NEP-INO: Innovation	649.84	178.48	27.4
NEP-INT: International Trade	1327.06	353.87	26.6
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	133.12	32.45	24.3
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	198.24	56.73	28.6
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	150.65	44.32	29.4
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	143.92	44.74	31
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1209.7	385.12	31.8
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	211.08	59.02	27.9
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	312.62	83.28	26.6
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	566.07	171.86	30.3
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	231.15	60.75	26.2
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3784.87	740.44	19.5
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	126.11	34.76	27.5
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	612.67	87.37	14.2
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	385.68	135.73	35.1
NEP-MKT: Marketing	104.31	29	27.8
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1545.42	315.95	20.4
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	101.65	21.71	21.3
NEP-NET: Network Economics	199.1	39.53	19.8
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	74.87	34.51	46.1
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	397.47	90.59	22.7
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	372.39	71.05	19
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	367.4	104.34	28.4
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	631.23	143.75	22.7
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	196.79	40.96	20.8
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	440.6	92.96	21.1
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	78.06	22.91	29.3
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	255.14	58.25	22.8
NEP-REG: Regulation	384.33	88.3	22.9
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	63.76	15.88	24.9
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	407.38	80.26	19.7
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	462.54	130.19	28.1
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	645.28	160.37	24.8
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	304.98	90.85	29.7
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	91.44	21.99	24
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	91.05	8.54	9.3
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	353.31	89.24	25.2
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	749.23	287.68	38.3
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	206.13	53.52	25.9
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	63.75	19.59	30.7
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	377.3	75.53	20
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	2064.37	560.51	27.1

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	57	3	5.2
1972	55	1	1.8
1973	69	5	7.2
1974	72	1	1.3
1975	91	4	4.3
1976	92	8	8.6
1977	62	2	3.2
1978	88	10	11.3
1979	83	5	6
1980	94	6	6.3
1981	107	3	2.8
1982	105	8	7.6
1983	127	15	11.8
1984	110	12	10.9
1985	128	7	5.4
1986	153	16	10.4
1987	157	21	13.3
1988	175	30	17.1
1989	187	19	10.1
1990	196	23	11.7
1991	211	29	13.7
1992	223	34	15.2
1993	245	36	14.6
1994	226	39	17.2
1995	287	46	16
1996	312	56	17.9
1997	280	42	15
1998	336	74	22
1999	368	79	21.4
2000	446	87	19.5
2001	427	107	25
2002	455	109	23.9
2003	441	98	22.2
2004	437	85	19.4
2005	491	114	23.2
2006	498	120	24
2007	556	139	25
2008	583	142	24.3
2009	588	151	25.6
2010	570	158	27.7
2011	556	141	25.3
2012	543	115	21.1
2013	518	137	26.4
2014	488	120	24.5
2015	480	116	24.1
2016	402	91	22.6
2017	395	82	20.7
2018	375	96	25.6
2019	322	72	22.3
2020	303	76	25
2021	244	62	25.4
2022	222	50	22.5
2023	179	50	27.9
2024	80	18	22.5

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.8	10.3
2-2	10	11.3
3-3	7.7	16.3
4-4	10.6	15.1
5-5	11.3	17.9
6-10	15.1	18.7
11-15	18.5	21.9
16-20	20.6	22.8
21-25	23.3	22.9
26-30	24.6	26.5
31-40	25.6	27.1
41-50	28.5	27.7
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration by Ivan Kumanov, Minsk, Belarus.
• Institutions database and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.