Female representation in Economics, as of November 2024

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 18483 of 69901 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.4%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	73.56	17	23.1
Argentina	398.96	99.91	25
Australia	1593.58	395	24.7
Austria	555.33	122.45	22
Azerbaijan	52.85	10	18.9
Bangladesh	190.23	20.65	10.8
Belgium	882.14	231.74	26.2
Bolivia	86.06	24.24	28.1
Brazil	905.15	142.86	15.7
Bulgaria	251.32	125.92	50.1
Cameroun	63.89	10.18	15.9
Canada	1730.73	367.14	21.2
Chile	462.67	66.87	14.4
China	1555.72	425.47	27.3
Colombia	702.02	160.74	22.8
Croatia	164.61	85.48	51.9
Czech Republic	535.16	173.11	32.3
Denmark	434.34	106.68	24.5
Ecuador	130.07	36.08	27.7
Egypt	110.35	43.57	39.4
Estonia	55.69	18	32.3
Ethiopia	72.37	16.5	22.7
Finland	265.34	66.75	25.1
France	3838.08	1230.73	32
Germany	3597.39	906.75	25.2
Ghana	128.14	12.74	9.9
Greece	608.22	141.16	23.2
Hong Kong	161.36	30.06	18.6
Hungary	424.96	90.76	21.3
India	1225.32	353.04	28.8
Indonesia	419.05	110.56	26.3
Iran	157.52	20	12.6
Ireland	342.89	113.09	32.9
Israel	244.88	42	17.1
Italy	3512.18	1142.42	32.5
Japan	1260.23	166.43	13.2
Kazakhstan	64	15	23.4
Lebanon	60.47	13.52	22.3
Luxembourg	181.5	46.82	25.8
North Macedonia	71.84	32.45	45.1
Malaysia	396.62	101.6	25.6
Mexico	431.8	81.72	18.9
Morocco	90.94	15.1	16.6
Netherlands	1196.57	270.8	22.6
New Zealand	284.54	64.72	22.7
Nigeria	378.53	65.88	17.4
Norway	488.75	94.96	19.4
Pakistan	526.89	115.62	21.9
Peru	249.69	43.39	17.3
Philippines	173.97	62.02	35.6
Poland	742.57	248.36	33.4
Portugal	705.06	252.86	35.8
Romania	1165.26	679.87	58.3
Russia	1611.57	722.3	44.8
Saudi Arabia	85.95	6.4	7.4
Singapore	209.2	44.75	21.3
Slovakia	148.44	52.96	35.6
Slovenia	51.16	12	23.4
South Africa	405.72	122	30
South Korea	413.43	94.93	22.9
Spain	2583.86	839.04	32.4
Sri Lanka	52.35	22.34	42.6
Sweden	735.94	183.09	24.8
Switzerland	1092.65	253.94	23.2
Taiwan	260.1	59.05	22.7
Thailand	152.14	61.94	40.7
Tunisia	259.46	83.6	32.2
Turkey	933.55	244.55	26.1
United Arab Emirates	108.77	20.14	18.5
United Kingdom	3940.78	1013.72	25.7
Ukraine	209.7	76.3	36.3
Uruguay	131.94	50.9	38.5
United States	12555.06	2874.24	22.8
Viet Nam	221.83	59.75	26.9

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	97.89	21.81	22.2
Arkansas (United States)	52.38	10.16	19.3
Arizona (United States)	124.85	30.74	24.6
California (United States)	1179.56	256.59	21.7
Colorado (United States)	141.84	29.51	20.8
Connecticut (United States)	237.22	44.15	18.6
District of Columbia (United States)	2464.1	665.94	27
Florida (United States)	255.51	58.5	22.8
Georgia (United States)	300.98	70.41	23.3
Iowa (United States)	80.68	21.25	26.3
Illinois (United States)	552.34	103.54	18.7
Indiana (United States)	268.8	56.43	20.9
Kansas (United States)	70.04	11.89	16.9
Kentucky (United States)	86.34	14.9	17.2
Louisiana (United States)	85.49	17.3	20.2
Massachusetts (United States)	909.38	215.26	23.6
Maryland (United States)	230.02	48.25	20.9
Maine (United States)	50.8	11.75	23.1
Michigan (United States)	301.09	56.79	18.8
Minnesota (United States)	171.57	38.73	22.5
Missouri (United States)	246.18	61.27	24.8
North Carolina (United States)	330.93	60.97	18.4
Nebraska (United States)	50.55	11.66	23
New Hampshire (United States)	70.34	17.77	25.2
New Jersey (United States)	203.87	44.85	21.9
New York (United States)	1020.06	236.23	23.1
Ohio (United States)	288.66	65.77	22.7
Oklahoma (United States)	86.7	22.87	26.3
Oregon (United States)	62.7	18.5	29.5
Pennsylvania (United States)	557.31	128.39	23
Rhode Island (United States)	87.27	16.5	18.9
South Carolina (United States)	85.24	16	18.7
Tennessee (United States)	156.41	30.91	19.7
Texas (United States)	507.62	104.75	20.6
Utah (United States)	118.94	19.3	16.2
Virginia (United States)	352.75	78.23	22.1
Washington (United States)	100.54	26.72	26.5
Wisconsin (United States)	163.63	36.97	22.5

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	178.05	51.75	29
NEP-AFR: Africa	308.51	75.06	24.3
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	348.77	112.59	32.2
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1454.26	405.98	27.9
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	381.92	111.33	29.1
NEP-BAN: Banking	903.81	214.28	23.7
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	461.18	100.91	21.8
NEP-BIG: Big Data	250.83	57.2	22.8
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1287.15	253.71	19.7
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	379.58	93.65	24.6
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	341.32	68.37	20
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	275.12	54.08	19.6
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	473.54	197.48	41.7
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	369.27	78.4	21.2
NEP-CNA: China	282.84	96.17	34
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	729.65	134.8	18.4
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	355.53	113.9	32
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	165.17	33.3	20.1
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	85.29	32.95	38.6
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	293.77	73.85	25.1
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	217.04	51.18	23.5
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	191.43	83.72	43.7
NEP-DES: Economic Design	155.51	29.61	19
NEP-DEV: Development	730.51	222.72	30.4
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1284.55	243.66	18.9
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	824.16	130.73	15.8
NEP-EDU: Education	503.63	162.86	32.3
NEP-EEC: European Economics	708.68	176.85	24.9
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	520.14	126.83	24.3
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1438.7	343.72	23.8
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	350.14	84.53	24.1
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1810.04	482.03	26.6
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	339.36	50.84	14.9
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	830.49	306.6	36.9
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	150.56	25.49	16.9
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1272.68	352.36	27.6
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	427.54	108.49	25.3
NEP-FIN: Finance	68.02	9.15	13.4
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	58.23	25.02	42.9
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	232.93	39.69	17
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	234.07	49.88	21.3
NEP-GEN: Gender	115.35	63.28	54.8
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	513.49	111.89	21.7
NEP-GER: German Papers	184.04	42.73	23.2
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	222.03	45.98	20.7
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	625.65	110.95	17.7
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	121.82	39.31	32.2
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	897.62	299.99	33.4
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	870.13	190.85	21.9
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	277.57	74.95	27
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	271.04	45.68	16.8
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	262.2	73.16	27.9
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	266.64	68.25	25.5
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	146.17	42.05	28.7
NEP-IFN: International Finance	217.88	45.5	20.8
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	189.26	36.6	19.3
NEP-INO: Innovation	628.35	171.13	27.2
NEP-INT: International Trade	1270.64	337.69	26.5
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	138.49	31.78	22.9
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	190.06	54.14	28.4
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	142.49	42.59	29.8
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	134.37	41.35	30.7
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1177.57	372.17	31.6
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	202.3	56.29	27.8
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	306.72	82.81	27
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	551.41	165.99	30.1
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	225.4	59.12	26.2
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3566.43	691.97	19.4
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	119.77	32.64	27.2
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	591.31	84.28	14.2
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	371	128.12	34.5
NEP-MKT: Marketing	97.61	27.61	28.2
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1442.8	292.73	20.2
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	95.86	20.68	21.5
NEP-NET: Network Economics	188.89	37.08	19.6
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	70.22	33.1	47.1
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	372.43	82.33	22.1
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	343.11	66.64	19.4
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	347.93	100.62	28.9
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	595.74	133.57	22.4
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	187.75	38.34	20.4
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	413.19	88.03	21.3
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	71.51	21.01	29.3
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	235.55	51.91	22
NEP-REG: Regulation	366.33	82.07	22.4
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	61.96	15.55	25
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	384.72	75.49	19.6
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	430.86	121.09	28.1
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	595.02	143.32	24
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	287.57	84.6	29.4
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	82.5	20.34	24.6
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	86.79	8.47	9.7
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	327.05	81.17	24.8
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	706.18	274.77	38.9
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	186.27	47.94	25.7
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	60.48	18.16	30
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	356.46	73.44	20.6
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	1921.19	519.93	27

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	58	3	5.1
1972	55	1	1.8
1973	69	5	7.2
1974	73	1	1.3
1975	91	4	4.3
1976	92	8	8.6
1977	62	2	3.2
1978	89	10	11.2
1979	84	5	5.9
1980	95	6	6.3
1981	107	3	2.8
1982	105	8	7.6
1983	127	15	11.8
1984	111	12	10.8
1985	130	8	6.1
1986	155	17	10.9
1987	159	22	13.8
1988	176	30	17
1989	187	19	10.1
1990	199	23	11.5
1991	213	29	13.6
1992	225	34	15.1
1993	247	37	14.9
1994	225	39	17.3
1995	288	46	15.9
1996	317	57	17.9
1997	284	42	14.7
1998	337	75	22.2
1999	372	79	21.2
2000	450	88	19.5
2001	428	107	25
2002	460	109	23.6
2003	444	98	22
2004	442	85	19.2
2005	496	114	22.9
2006	502	122	24.3
2007	563	140	24.8
2008	589	144	24.4
2009	595	153	25.7
2010	574	158	27.5
2011	563	143	25.3
2012	552	116	21
2013	524	138	26.3
2014	495	122	24.6
2015	485	115	23.7
2016	412	95	23
2017	400	82	20.5
2018	381	99	25.9
2019	331	74	22.3
2020	309	77	24.9
2021	248	65	26.2
2022	224	48	21.4
2023	186	52	27.9
2024	90	19	21.1

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.7	10.2
2-2	10.1	11.7
3-3	7.7	16.5
4-4	10.5	15
5-5	11.8	17.7
6-10	14.9	18.7
11-15	18.5	21.9
16-20	20.9	22.4
21-25	23	22.9
26-30	24.9	26.5
31-40	25.5	27.1
41-50	28.4	27.8
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration by Ivan Kumanov, Minsk, Belarus.
• Institutions database and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.