Female representation in Economics, as of February 2025

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 18676 of 70903 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.3%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	74.56	17	22.7
Argentina	400.53	98.41	24.5
Australia	1602.23	397.3	24.7
Austria	561.87	124.46	22.1
Azerbaijan	54.85	11	20
Bangladesh	194.95	21.65	11.1
Belgium	895.51	236.94	26.4
Bolivia	89.11	25.24	28.3
Brazil	967.96	144.86	14.9
Bulgaria	256.32	126.92	49.5
Cameroun	65.89	11.18	16.9
Canada	1741.22	369.14	21.2
Chile	468.43	72.87	15.5
China	1585.77	434.56	27.4
Colombia	706.16	165.28	23.4
Croatia	166.61	86.48	51.9
Czech Republic	539.11	172.11	31.9
Denmark	438.67	107.68	24.5
Ecuador	134.25	36.08	26.8
Egypt	113.59	45.18	39.7
Estonia	56.69	18	31.7
Ethiopia	74.37	16.5	22.1
Finland	265.65	66.85	25.1
France	3858.63	1234.02	31.9
Germany	3613.66	909.7	25.1
Ghana	132.14	12.74	9.6
Greece	615.87	141.66	23
Hong Kong	162.36	30.06	18.5
Hungary	431.67	90.68	21
India	1246.36	361.04	28.9
Indonesia	447.65	118.56	26.4
Iran	159.52	20	12.5
Ireland	349.38	114.59	32.8
Israel	246.38	42	17
Italy	3566.49	1150.18	32.2
Japan	1270.84	167.43	13.1
Kazakhstan	65.75	15	22.8
Lebanon	63.46	15.52	24.4
Luxembourg	181.41	46.13	25.4
North Macedonia	72.83	32.45	44.5
Malaysia	394.93	101.6	25.7
Mexico	439.33	83.72	19
Mongolia	50.06	19.6	39.1
Morocco	100.24	15.1	15
Netherlands	1206.22	272.7	22.6
New Zealand	285.53	64.62	22.6
Nigeria	392.53	66.88	17
Norway	497.21	94.96	19.1
Pakistan	545.62	120.09	22
Peru	256.89	43.39	16.8
Philippines	181.97	67.02	36.8
Poland	758.12	252.36	33.2
Portugal	713.19	254.86	35.7
Romania	1173.24	683.87	58.2
Russia	1646.5	740.2	44.9
Saudi Arabia	90.74	6.4	7
Singapore	211.3	44.75	21.1
Slovakia	151.94	52.96	34.8
Slovenia	51.16	12	23.4
South Africa	410.68	122	29.7
South Korea	416.98	94.93	22.7
Spain	2640.74	850.57	32.2
Sri Lanka	52.35	22.34	42.6
Sweden	741.82	182.83	24.6
Switzerland	1111.32	254.49	22.8
Taiwan	260.11	58.05	22.3
Thailand	155.76	63.94	41
Tunisia	261.46	84.1	32.1
Turkey	949.8	249.05	26.2
United Arab Emirates	113.15	21.54	19
United Kingdom	3978.45	1016.41	25.5
Ukraine	209.7	76.3	36.3
Uruguay	132.63	50.7	38.2
United States	12666.93	2889.14	22.8
Viet Nam	235.88	63.75	27

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	100.89	21.81	21.6
Arkansas (United States)	52.38	10.16	19.3
Arizona (United States)	126.4	30.74	24.3
California (United States)	1194.45	258.59	21.6
Colorado (United States)	142.84	29.51	20.6
Connecticut (United States)	241.22	44.15	18.3
District of Columbia (United States)	2493.37	676.62	27.1
Florida (United States)	254.3	57.78	22.7
Georgia (United States)	301.07	69.91	23.2
Iowa (United States)	82.18	21.25	25.8
Illinois (United States)	553.86	103.05	18.6
Indiana (United States)	278.52	57.93	20.7
Kansas (United States)	71.04	11.89	16.7
Kentucky (United States)	86.34	15.4	17.8
Louisiana (United States)	85.54	17.3	20.2
Massachusetts (United States)	919.03	211.53	23
Maryland (United States)	233.32	49.25	21.1
Maine (United States)	51.8	11.75	22.6
Michigan (United States)	300.69	56.79	18.8
Minnesota (United States)	169.57	38.73	22.8
Missouri (United States)	247.93	61.77	24.9
North Carolina (United States)	333.93	60.97	18.2
Nebraska (United States)	51.9	11	21.1
New Hampshire (United States)	70.34	17.77	25.2
New Jersey (United States)	205.37	44.85	21.8
New York (United States)	1025.87	236.33	23
Ohio (United States)	291.16	67.77	23.2
Oklahoma (United States)	86.7	22.87	26.3
Oregon (United States)	62.65	17.5	27.9
Pennsylvania (United States)	561.43	128.02	22.8
Rhode Island (United States)	88.99	16.5	18.5
South Carolina (United States)	85.24	17	19.9
Tennessee (United States)	157.41	30.91	19.6
Texas (United States)	511.66	105.85	20.6
Utah (United States)	118.94	19.3	16.2
Virginia (United States)	356.95	79.73	22.3
Washington (United States)	102.04	27.22	26.6
Wisconsin (United States)	165.63	36.97	22.3

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	163.56	45.83	28
NEP-AFR: Africa	282.98	67.11	23.7
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	330.46	108.43	32.8
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1398.09	389.03	27.8
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	352.28	99.8	28.3
NEP-BAN: Banking	872.15	203.45	23.3
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	430.53	94.53	21.9
NEP-BIG: Big Data	254.44	56.71	22.2
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1236.58	238.61	19.2
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	353.86	79.94	22.5
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	316.66	62.98	19.8
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	251.66	52.03	20.6
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	433.06	174.14	40.2
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	351.73	74.24	21.1
NEP-CNA: China	265.15	85.72	32.3
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	710.77	131.78	18.5
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	315.21	98.62	31.2
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	158.75	29.9	18.8
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	77.65	28.57	36.7
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	272.71	69.33	25.4
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	200.93	46.3	23
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	184.29	77.83	42.2
NEP-DES: Economic Design	153.18	28.78	18.7
NEP-DEV: Development	696.94	210.86	30.2
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1242.61	230.31	18.5
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	799.68	118.35	14.8
NEP-EDU: Education	463.63	145.2	31.3
NEP-EEC: European Economics	698.95	173.56	24.8
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	482.73	118.48	24.5
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1410.46	336.68	23.8
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	340.24	80.61	23.6
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1807.57	487.49	26.9
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	336.92	50.53	14.9
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	790.69	293.72	37.1
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	143.24	21.26	14.8
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1237.15	337.17	27.2
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	424.94	100.94	23.7
NEP-FIN: Finance	68.91	9.13	13.2
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	58.77	23.93	40.7
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	235.5	40.47	17.1
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	229.33	49.32	21.5
NEP-GEN: Gender	111.86	60.57	54.1
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	506.22	110.99	21.9
NEP-GER: German Papers	174.23	42.72	24.5
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	206.47	40.02	19.3
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	613.96	104.65	17
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	107.64	33.77	31.3
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	896.33	300.11	33.4
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	871.69	186.8	21.4
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	252.97	66.71	26.3
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	266.84	43.7	16.3
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	256.14	72.81	28.4
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	248.68	62.3	25
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	137.96	39.57	28.6
NEP-IFN: International Finance	213.97	42.09	19.6
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	190.57	36.85	19.3
NEP-INO: Innovation	619.21	171.05	27.6
NEP-INT: International Trade	1270.07	329.73	25.9
NEP-INV: Investment	50.12	10.58	21.1
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	141.13	32.4	22.9
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	192.5	56.07	29.1
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	134.94	39.21	29
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	135.57	42.49	31.3
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1192.27	370.76	31
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	187.36	52.9	28.2
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	293.61	80.1	27.2
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	538.21	156.07	28.9
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	222.35	58.82	26.4
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3577.64	687.76	19.2
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	105.23	28.35	26.9
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	596.64	83.54	14
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	370.16	126.12	34
NEP-MKT: Marketing	89.11	24.23	27.1
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1516.53	299.96	19.7
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	95.83	21.19	22.1
NEP-NET: Network Economics	183.65	33.88	18.4
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	66	29.66	44.9
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	372.57	82.24	22
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	343.2	63.37	18.4
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	369.07	102.53	27.7
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	609.11	136.99	22.4
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	173.03	31.6	18.2
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	412.89	89.68	21.7
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	67.04	19.35	28.8
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	246.72	55.08	22.3
NEP-REG: Regulation	365.5	79.67	21.7
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	60.79	14.07	23.1
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	380.54	72.3	19
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	443.57	124.29	28
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	615.05	148.87	24.2
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	277.63	78.12	28.1
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	84.15	21.27	25.2
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	84.24	7.07	8.3
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	346.28	87.89	25.3
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	676.1	246.84	36.5
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	189.03	49.54	26.2
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	59.29	14.78	24.9
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	346.14	64.26	18.5
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	1981.04	523.08	26.4

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	62	3	4.8
1972	56	1	1.7
1973	70	5	7.1
1974	73	1	1.3
1975	94	4	4.2
1976	93	8	8.6
1977	65	2	3
1978	92	10	10.8
1979	85	5	5.8
1980	95	6	6.3
1981	110	3	2.7
1982	108	9	8.3
1983	130	15	11.5
1984	115	12	10.4
1985	133	8	6
1986	155	17	10.9
1987	159	22	13.8
1988	178	30	16.8
1989	187	18	9.6
1990	204	23	11.2
1991	217	31	14.2
1992	228	35	15.3
1993	250	38	15.2
1994	229	40	17.4
1995	296	47	15.8
1996	320	58	18.1
1997	289	43	14.8
1998	345	75	21.7
1999	377	79	20.9
2000	459	89	19.3
2001	436	107	24.5
2002	469	110	23.4
2003	452	100	22.1
2004	450	88	19.5
2005	506	115	22.7
2006	513	123	23.9
2007	574	142	24.7
2008	605	146	24.1
2009	606	155	25.5
2010	580	162	27.9
2011	574	142	24.7
2012	564	118	20.9
2013	539	142	26.3
2014	509	123	24.1
2015	504	121	24
2016	428	98	22.8
2017	419	88	21
2018	402	103	25.6
2019	344	76	22
2020	320	77	24
2021	259	69	26.6
2022	245	50	20.4
2023	208	54	25.9
2024	122	22	18

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.7	10.4
2-2	9.7	12.1
3-3	7.8	14.2
4-4	11.1	15.2
5-5	12.5	19.1
6-10	15	19.7
11-15	18.6	21.2
16-20	20.8	21.9
21-25	22.7	24.8
26-30	25.4	25.6
31-40	25.5	26.6
41-50	28.3	27.9
51-100	30.6

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration, institution database, and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.