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Nonlinearity in cap-and-trade systems: The EUA price and its fundamentals
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- Luís Aguiar-Conraria & Maria Joana Soares & Rita Sousa, 2017. "California´s Carbon Market and Energy Prices: A Wavelet Analysis," NIPE Working Papers 13/2017, NIPE - Universidade do Minho.
- Zhu, Bangzhu & Ye, Shunxin & Han, Dong & Wang, Ping & He, Kaijian & Wei, Yi-Ming & Xie, Rui, 2019. "A multiscale analysis for carbon price drivers," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 202-216.
- Sattarhoff, Cristina & Gronwald, Marc, 2022. "Measuring informational efficiency of the European carbon market — A quantitative evaluation of higher order dependence," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
- Xiangjun Chen & Bo Yan, 2024. "Research on jumps and volatility in China’s carbon market," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 1-43, February.
- repec:hum:wpaper:sfb649dp2014-050 is not listed on IDEAS
- Mengrui Zhu & Hua Xu & Xingyu Gao & Minggang Wang & André L. M. Vilela & Lixin Tian, 2022. "Identification of Breakpoints in Carbon Market Based on Probability Density Recurrence Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-18, July.
- Suzi Kerr & Judd Ormsby, 2016. "The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme de-link from Kyoto: impacts on banking and prices," Working Papers 16_13, Motu Economic and Public Policy Research.
- Fang, Sheng & Lu, Xinsheng & Li, Jianfeng & Qu, Ling, 2018. "Multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis of carbon emission allowance and stock returns," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 509(C), pages 551-566.
- Agustín García & Agustín García & Miguel A. Jaramillo-Morán, 2020. "Short-term European Union Allowance price forecasting with artificial neural networks," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 8(1), pages 261-275, September.
- Zhang, Xi & Li, Jian, 2018. "Credit and market risks measurement in carbon financing for Chinese banks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 549-557.
- Hintermann, Beat & Peterson, Sonja & Rickels, Wilfried, 2014. "Price and market behavior in Phase II of the EU ETS," Kiel Working Papers 1962, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
- Huang, Wenyang & Wang, Huiwen & Qin, Haotong & Wei, Yigang & Chevallier, Julien, 2022. "Convolutional neural network forecasting of European Union allowances futures using a novel unconstrained transformation method," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
- Federica Cucchiella & Idiano D Adamo & Massimo Gastaldi, 2015. "Profitability Analysis for Biomethane: A Strategic Role in the Italian Transport Sector," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 5(2), pages 440-449.
- Xinghua Fan & Ying Zhang & Jiuli Yin, 2018. "Evolutionary Analysis of a Three-Dimensional Carbon Price Dynamic System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-15, December.
- Gallier, Carlo & Lutz, Benjamin & Brockmann, Karl Ludwig & Dieckhöner, Caroline, 2014. "KfW/ZEW CO2 Barometer 2014 – Carbon Edition: New Phase, Old Problems," KfW/ZEW-CO2-Barometer, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, number 109799.
- Miguel A. Jaramillo-Morán & Agustín García-García, 2019. "Applying Artificial Neural Networks to Forecast European Union Allowance Prices: The Effect of Information from Pollutant-Related Sectors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-18, November.
- Wenjun Chu & Shanglei Chai & Xi Chen & Mo Du, 2020. "Does the Impact of Carbon Price Determinants Change with the Different Quantiles of Carbon Prices? Evidence from China ETS Pilots," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-19, July.
- Koch, Nicolas & Fuss, Sabine & Grosjean, Godefroy & Edenhofer, Ottmar, 2014. "Causes of the EU ETS price drop: Recession, CDM, renewable policies or a bit of everything?—New evidence," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 676-685.
- Bai, Yiyi & Okullo, Samuel J., 2023. "Drivers and pass-through of the EU ETS price: Evidence from the power sector," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
- Lau, Chi Keung & Soliman, Alaa M. & Albasu, Joseph & Gozgor, Giray, 2023. "Dependence structures among geopolitical risks, energy prices, and carbon emissions prices," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
- Huang, Wenyang & Zhao, Jianyu & Wang, Xiaokang, 2024. "Model-driven multimodal LSTM-CNN for unbiased structural forecasting of European Union allowances open-high-low-close price," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
- Beat Hintermann, 2016.
"Pass-Through of CO2 Emission Costs to Hourly Electricity Prices in Germany,"
Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 3(4), pages 857-891.
- Beat Hintermann, 2014. "Pass-through of CO2 Emission Costs to Hourly Electricity Prices in Germany," CESifo Working Paper Series 4964, CESifo.
- Chai, Shanglei & Yang, Xiaoli & Zhang, Zhen & Abedin, Mohammad Zoynul & Lucey, Brian, 2022. "Regional imbalances of market efficiency in China’s pilot emission trading schemes (ETS): A multifractal perspective," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
- Rita Sousa & Luís Aguiar-Conraria & Maria Joana Soares, 2014. "Carbon Financial Markets: a time-frequency analysis of CO2 price drivers," NIPE Working Papers 03/2014, NIPE - Universidade do Minho.
- Adekoya, Oluwasegun B. & Oliyide, Johnson A. & Noman, Ambreen, 2021. "The volatility connectedness of the EU carbon market with commodity and financial markets in time- and frequency-domain: The role of the U.S. economic policy uncertainty," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
- Cretí, Anna & Joëts, Marc, 2017.
"Multiple bubbles in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme,"
Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 119-130.
- Anna Creti & Marc Joëts, 2014. "Multiple bubbles in European Union Emission Trading Scheme," Post-Print hal-01411636, HAL.
- Anna Creti & Marc Joëts, 2017. "Multiple bubbles in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme," Post-Print hal-01549809, HAL.
- Anna Creti & Marc Joëts, 2017. "Multiple bubbles in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme," Post-Print hal-02304324, HAL.
- Anna Creti & Marc Joëts, 2014. "Multiple bubbles in European Union Emission Trading Scheme," Post-Print hal-01410681, HAL.
- Ming-Tao Chou & Cherie Lu, 2016. "Correlations and Volatility Spillovers between the Carbon Trading Price and Bunker Index for the Maritime Industry," Review of Economics & Finance, Better Advances Press, Canada, vol. 6, pages 93-101, November.
- Gavard, Claire & Kirat, Djamel, 2018.
"Flexibility in the market for international carbon credits and price dynamics difference with European allowances,"
Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 504-518.
- Claire Gavard & Djamel Kirat, 2015. "Flexibility in the Market for International Carbon Credits and Price. Dynamics Difference with European Allowances," Working Papers 2015.03, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
- Gavard, Claire & Kirat, Djamel, 2017. "Flexibility in the market for international carbon credits and price dynamics difference with European allowances," ZEW Discussion Papers 17-054, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
- Han, Meng & Ding, Lili & Zhao, Xin & Kang, Wanglin, 2019. "Forecasting carbon prices in the Shenzhen market, China: The role of mixed-frequency factors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 69-76.
- Balcılar, Mehmet & Demirer, Rıza & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2016.
"Risk spillovers across the energy and carbon markets and hedging strategies for carbon risk,"
Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 159-172.
- Mehmet Balcilar & Riza Demirer & Shawkat Hammoudeh & Duc Khuong Nguyen, 2014. "Risk Spillovers across the Energy and Carbon Markets and Hedging Strategies for Carbon Risk," Working Papers 15-10, Eastern Mediterranean University, Department of Economics.
- Koch, Nicolas & Grosjean, Godefroy & Fuss, Sabine & Edenhofer, Ottmar, 2016. "Politics matters: Regulatory events as catalysts for price formation under cap-and-trade," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 121-139.
- Benschopa, Thijs & López Cabreraa, Brenda, 2014. "Volatility modelling of CO2 emission allowance spot prices with regime-switching GARCH models," SFB 649 Discussion Papers 2014-050, Humboldt University Berlin, Collaborative Research Center 649: Economic Risk.
- Wang, Xiong & Li, Jingyao & Ren, Xiaohang & Bu, Ruijun & Jawadi, Fredj, 2023.
"Economic policy uncertainty and dynamic correlations in energy markets: Assessment and solutions,"
Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
- Xiong Wang & Jingyao Li & Xiaohang Ren & Ruijun Bu & Fredj Jawadi, 2023. "Economic policy uncertainty and dynamic correlations in energy markets: Assessment and solutions," Post-Print hal-04478736, HAL.
- Xu, Jia & Tan, Xiujie & He, Gang & Liu, Yu, 2019. "Disentangling the drivers of carbon prices in China's ETS pilots — An EEMD approach," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 1-9.
- Xianzi Yang & Chen Zhang & Yu Yang & Yaqi Wu & Po Yun & Zulfiqar Ali Wagan, 2020. "China’s Carbon Pricing Based on Heterogeneous Tail Distribution," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-16, April.
- Medina, Vicente & Pardo, Ángel & Pascual, Roberto, 2014.
"The timeline of trading frictions in the European carbon market,"
Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 378-394.
- Vicente Medina Martínez & Ángel Pardo Tornero & Roberto Pascual, 2012. "The timeline of trading fricions in the European Carbon Market," Working Papers. Serie AD 2012-05, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie).
- Julien Chevallier, 2020.
"COVID-19 Outbreak and CO 2 Emissions: Macro-Financial Linkages,"
JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-18, December.
- Julien Chevallier, 2021. "Covid-19 Outbreak and CO2 Emissions: Macro-Financial Linkages," Working Papers 2021-004, Department of Research, Ipag Business School.
- Fan, John Hua & Todorova, Neda, 2017. "Dynamics of China’s carbon prices in the pilot trading phase," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 1452-1467.
- Miguel A. Jaramillo-Morán & Daniel Fernández-Martínez & Agustín García-García & Diego Carmona-Fernández, 2021. "Improving Artificial Intelligence Forecasting Models Performance with Data Preprocessing: European Union Allowance Prices Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-23, November.
- Zhu, Bangzhu & Yuan, Lili & Ye, Shunxin, 2019. "Examining the multi-timescales of European carbon market with grey relational analysis and empirical mode decomposition," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 517(C), pages 392-399.
- repec:ipg:wpaper:2014-552 is not listed on IDEAS
- Petr Cermak & Jarmila Zimmermannova & Jan Lavrincik & Miroslav Pokorny & Jiri Martinu, 2015. "The Broker Simulation Model in the Emission Allowances Trading Area," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 5(1), pages 80-95.
- Dai, Xingyu & Xiao, Ling & Wang, Qunwei & Dhesi, Gurjeet, 2021. "Multiscale interplay of higher-order moments between the carbon and energy markets during Phase III of the EU ETS," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
- Friedrich, Marina & Lin, Yicong, 2024. "Sieve bootstrap inference for linear time-varying coefficient models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 239(1).
- Beat Hintermann & Sonja Peterson & Wilfried Rickels, 2016. "Price and Market Behavior in Phase II of the EU ETS: A Review of the Literature," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 10(1), pages 108-128.
- Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Sharma, Susan Sunila, 2015. "Is carbon emissions trading profitable?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 84-92.
- Chun, Dohyun & Cho, Hoon & Kim, Jihun, 2022. "The relationship between carbon-intensive fuel and renewable energy stock prices under the emissions trading system," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
- Carratù, Maria & Chiarini, Bruno & Piselli, Paolo, 2020. "Effects of European emission unit allowance auctions on corporate profitability," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
- Fang Zhang & Zhengjun Zhang, 2020. "The tail dependence of the carbon markets: The implication of portfolio management," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(8), pages 1-17, August.
- Ayben Koy & G l Okay, 2020. "Are Carbon Leader Indexes Related with Carbon Prices under Different Regimes?," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(4), pages 115-121.
- Zhu, Bangzhu & Han, Dong & Chevallier, Julien & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2017. "Dynamic multiscale interactions between European carbon and electricity markets during 2005–2016," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 309-322.
- Eslahi, Mohammadehsan & Mazza, Paolo, 2023. "Can weather variables and electricity demand predict carbon emissions allowances prices? Evidence from the first three phases of the EU ETS," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
- Joao Leitao & Joaquim Ferreira & Ernesto Santibanez‐Gonzalez, 2021. "Green bonds, sustainable development and environmental policy in the European Union carbon market," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(4), pages 2077-2090, May.
- Jorge Barrientos Marín & Mónica Toro Martínez, 2017. "Análisis de los fundamentales del precio de la energía eléctrica: evidencia empírica para Colombia," Revista de Economía del Caribe 17148, Universidad del Norte.
- Rita Sousa & Luís Francisco Aguiar-Conraria & Maria Joana Soares, 2014. "Carbon and Energy Prices: Surfing the Wavelets of California," NIPE Working Papers 19/2014, NIPE - Universidade do Minho.
- Jin, Jiayu & Han, Liyan & Wu, Lei & Zeng, Hongchao, 2020. "The hedging effect of green bonds on carbon market risk," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
- Bangzhu Zhu & Ping Wang & Julien Chevallier & Yiming Wei, 2015.
"Carbon Price Analysis Using Empirical Mode Decomposition,"
Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 45(2), pages 195-206, February.
- Bangzhu Zhu & Ping Wang & Julien Chevallier & Yiming Wei, 2014. "Carbon price analysis using empirical mode decomposition," Working Papers 2014-156, Department of Research, Ipag Business School.
- Huang, Wenyang & Wang, Huiwen & Wei, Yigang, 2023. "Identifying the determinants of European carbon allowances prices: A novel robust partial least squares method for open-high-low-close data," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
- Lyu, Chenyan & Scholtens, Bert, 2024. "Integration of the international carbon market: A time-varying analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
- M. Angeles Carnero & Jose Olmo & Lorenzo Pascual, 2018. "Modelling the Dynamics of Fuel and EU Allowance Prices during Phase 3 of the EU ETS," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-23, November.
- Wang, Jiqiang & Dai, Peng-Fei & Zhang, Xuewen, 2024. "Untangling the entanglement of US monetary policy uncertainty and European natural gas and carbon prices," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
- Do, Hung Xuan & Nepal, Rabindra & Pham, Son Duy & Jamasb, Tooraj, 2024.
"Electricity market crisis in Europe and cross border price effects: A quantile return connectedness analysis,"
Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
- Do, Hung Xuan & Nepal, Rabindra & Pham, Son Duy & Jamasb, Tooraj, 2023. "Electricity Market Crisis in Europe and Cross Border Price Effects: A Quantile Return Connectedness Analysis," Working Papers 8-2023, Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics.
- Hung Xuan Do & Rabindra Nepal & Son Duy Pham & Tooraj Jamasb, 2023. "Electricity Market Crisis in Europe and Cross Border Price Effects: A Quantile Return Connectedness Analysis," CAMA Working Papers 2023-46, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Marina Friedrich & S'ebastien Fries & Michael Pahle & Ottmar Edenhofer, 2019. "Understanding the explosive trend in EU ETS prices -- fundamentals or speculation?," Papers 1906.10572, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2020.
- Alexander Zeitlberger & Alexander Brauneis, 2016. "Modeling carbon spot and futures price returns with GARCH and Markov switching GARCH models," Central European Journal of Operations Research, Springer;Slovak Society for Operations Research;Hungarian Operational Research Society;Czech Society for Operations Research;Österr. Gesellschaft für Operations Research (ÖGOR);Slovenian Society Informatika - Section for Operational Research;Croatian Operational Research Society, vol. 24(1), pages 149-176, March.
- Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Sousa, Ricardo M., 2014.
"What explain the short-term dynamics of the prices of CO2 emissions?,"
Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 122-135.
- Shawkat Hammoudeh & Duc Khuong Nguyen & Ricardo M. Sousa, 2014. "What explains the short-term dynamics of the prices of CO2 emissions?," NIPE Working Papers 04/2014, NIPE - Universidade do Minho.
- Duan, Kun & Ren, Xiaohang & Shi, Yukun & Mishra, Tapas & Yan, Cheng, 2021. "The marginal impacts of energy prices on carbon price variations: Evidence from a quantile-on-quantile approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
- Wang, Xiong & Li, Jingyao & Ren, Xiaohang, 2022. "Asymmetric causality of economic policy uncertainty and oil volatility index on time-varying nexus of the clean energy, carbon and green bond," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
- Marina Friedrich & Sébastien Fries & Michael Pahle & Ottmar Edenhofer, 2020. "Rules vs. Discretion in Cap-and-Trade Programs: Evidence from the EU Emission Trading System," CESifo Working Paper Series 8637, CESifo.
- Friedrich, Marina & Mauer, Eva-Maria & Pahle, Michael & Tietjen, Oliver, 2020.
"From fundamentals to financial assets: the evolution of understanding price formation in the EU ETS,"
EconStor Preprints
196150, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, revised 2020.
- Friedrich, Marina & Mauer, Eva-Maria & Pahle, Michael & Tietjen, Oliver, 2020. "From fundamentals to financial assets: the evolution of understanding price formation in the EU ETS," EconStor Preprints 225210, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
- Chen, Weidong & Xiong, Shi & Chen, Quanyu, 2022. "Characterizing the dynamic evolutionary behavior of multivariate price movement fluctuation in the carbon-fuel energy markets system from complex network perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
- Jarmila Zimmermannová, 2015. "Pilot Analysis of the Behaviour of Companies Within the 3rd Trading Period of the EU ETS in the Czech Republic," Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, Mendel University Press, vol. 63(6), pages 2213-2220.
- Löschel, Andreas & Gallier, Carlo & Lutz, Benjamin & Brockmann, Karl Ludwig & Dieckhöner, Caroline, 2013. "KfW/ZEW CO2 Barometer 2013 – Carbon Edition. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme: Firm Behaviour During the Crisis," KfW/ZEW-CO2-Barometer, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, number 109797.
- Chen, Linfei & Zhao, Xuefeng, 2024. "A multiscale and multivariable differentiated learning for carbon price forecasting," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
- Huang, Yumeng & Dai, Xingyu & Wang, Qunwei & Zhou, Dequn, 2021. "A hybrid model for carbon price forecastingusing GARCH and long short-term memory network," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
- Ulrike Kornek & Jan Christoph Steckel & Kai Lessmann & Ottmar Edenhofer, 2017. "The climate rent curse: new challenges for burden sharing," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 17(6), pages 855-882, December.
- Guo, Xiaozhu & Huang, Yisu & Liang, Chao & Umar, Muhammad, 2022. "Forecasting volatility of EUA futures: New evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
- Yue Xu & Dayu Zhai, 2022. "Impact of Changes in Membership on Prices of a Unified Carbon Market: Case Study of the European Union Emissions Trading System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-16, October.
- Su, Chi Wei & Wei, Shenkai & Wang, Yan & Tao, Ran, 2024. "How does climate policy uncertainty affect the carbon market?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
- Duan, Kun & Ren, Xiaohang & Wen, Fenghua & Chen, Jinyu, 2023. "Evolution of the information transmission between Chinese and international oil markets: A quantile-based framework," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 29(C).
- repec:crb:wpaper:2023-01 is not listed on IDEAS
- Dirk Broeders & Marleen de Jonge & David Rijsbergen, 2024. "The European Carbon Bond Premium," Working Papers 798, DNB.
- Dan Nie & Yanbin Li & Xiyu Li, 2021. "Dynamic Spillovers and Asymmetric Spillover Effect between the Carbon Emission Trading Market, Fossil Energy Market, and New Energy Stock Market in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-22, October.
- Tan, Xueping & Sirichand, Kavita & Vivian, Andrew & Wang, Xinyu, 2022. "Forecasting European carbon returns using dimension reduction techniques: Commodity versus financial fundamentals," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 944-969.
- Tan, Xue-Ping & Wang, Xin-Yu, 2017. "Dependence changes between the carbon price and its fundamentals: A quantile regression approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 306-325.
- Rita Sousa & Luís Aguiar-Conraria, 2014. "Dynamics of CO2 price drivers," NIPE Working Papers 02/2014, NIPE - Universidade do Minho.
- Getachew Nigatu, 2016. "Assessing the effects of climate change policy on the volatility of carbon prices in reference to the Great Recession," Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(2), pages 200-215, July.
- Sousa, Rita & Aguiar-Conraria, Luís & Soares, Maria Joana, 2014. "Carbon financial markets: A time–frequency analysis of CO2 prices," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 414(C), pages 118-127.