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Chronic Poverty in the United States
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Cited by:
- Christophe Muller, 2008.
"The Measurement Of Poverty With Geographical And Intertemporal Price Dispersion: Evidence From Rwanda,"
Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 54(1), pages 27-49, March.
- Christophe Muller, 2005. "The measurement of poverty with geographical and intertemporal price dispersion, Evidence from Rwanda," Working Papers DT/2005/16, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
- Christophe Muller, 2005. "The Measurement Of Poverty With Geographical And Intertemporal Price Dispersion. Evidence From Rwanda," Working Papers. Serie AD 2005-11, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie).
- Gert Thielemans & Dimitri Mortelmans, 2022. "Poverty Risks after Relationship Dissolution and the Role of Children: A Contemporary Longitudinal Analysis of Seven OECD Countries," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-18, March.
- Nicolai Suppa, 2017.
"Transitions in Poverty and Deprivations: An Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty Dynamics,"
OPHI Working Papers
109, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
- Nicolai Suppa, 2017. "Transitions in Poverty and Deprivations: An Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty Dynamics," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 894, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
- Duclos, Jean-Yves & Araar, Abdelkrim & Giles, John, 2010.
"Chronic and transient poverty: Measurement and estimation, with evidence from China,"
Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(2), pages 266-277, March.
- Duclos, Jean-Yves & Araar, Abdelkrim & Giles, John T., 2006. "Chronic and Transient Poverty: Measurement and Estimation, with Evidence from China," IZA Discussion Papers 2078, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- John Giles & Abdelkrim Araar & Jean-Yves Duclos, 2016. "Chronic and Transient Poverty: Measurement and Estimation, with Evidence from China," Working Papers id:11242, eSocialSciences.
- Jean-Yves Duclos & Abdelkrim Araaryand & John Giles, 2006. "Chronic and Transient Poverty: Measurement and Estimation, with Evidence from China," Working Papers 35, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
- Jean-Yves Duclos & Abdelkrim Araar & John Giles, 2006. "Chronic and Transient Poverty: Measurement and Estimation, with Evidence from China," Cahiers de recherche 0611, CIRPEE.
- Rodrigo Carrillo Valles & Patricia Lopez Rodriguez & Isidro Soloaga, 2020. "Dinamicas de pobreza en Mexico, 2008-2018," EconoQuantum, Revista de Economia y Finanzas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Economico Administrativas, Departamento de Metodos Cuantitativos y Maestria en Economia., vol. 17(2), pages 7-32, Julio-Dic.
- Joan R. Rodgers, 2010. "Chronic and Temporary Poverty in Australia: Targeting Public Transfers," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 86(s1), pages 87-100, September.
- Walter Bossert & Satya R. Chakravarty & Conchita D’Ambrosio, 2019.
"Poverty and Time,"
Themes in Economics, in: Satya R. Chakravarty (ed.), Poverty, Social Exclusion and Stochastic Dominance, pages 63-82,
Springer.
- Walter Bossert & Satya Chakravarty & Conchita D’Ambrosio, 2012. "Poverty and time," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 10(2), pages 145-162, June.
- BOSSERT, Walter & CHAKRAVARTY, Satya R. & D’AMBROSIO, Conchita, 2008. "Poverty and Time," Cahiers de recherche 05-2008, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en économie quantitative, CIREQ.
- BOSSERT, Walter & CHAKRAVARTY, Satya R. & D’AMBROSIO, Conchita, 2008. "Poverty and Time," Cahiers de recherche 2008-05, Universite de Montreal, Departement de sciences economiques.
- Walter Bossert & Satya R. Chakravarty & Conchita D'Ambrosio, 2010. "Poverty and Time," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2010-074, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Walter Bossert & Satya R. Chakravarty & Conchita D’Ambrosio, 2008. "Poverty and Time," Working Papers 87, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
- Henrietta A. Asiamah, 2021. "Childhood Chronic Poverty Estimations: Looking Beyond a Count Index," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 14(1), pages 185-215, February.
- Rolf Aaberge & Magne Mogstad, 2009.
"On the Measurement of Long-Term Income Inequality and Income Mobility,"
ICER Working Papers
09-2009, ICER - International Centre for Economic Research.
- Rolf Aaberge & Magne Mogstad, 2010. "On the measurement of long-term income inequality and income mobility," Working Papers 156, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
- Rolf Aaberge & Magne Mogstad, 2010. "On the measurement of long-term income inequality and income mobility," Discussion Papers 622, Statistics Norway, Research Department.
- Aaberge, Rolf & Mogstad, Magne, 2010. "On the Measurement of Long-Term Income Inequality and Income Mobility," IZA Discussion Papers 4699, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Edwin Fourrier-Nicolaï & Michel Lubrano, 2020.
"Bayesian inference for TIP curves: an application to child poverty in Germany,"
The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 18(1), pages 91-111, March.
- Edwin Fourrier-Nicolai & Michel Lubrano, 2017. "Bayesian Inference for TIP curves: An Application to Child Poverty in Germany," Working Papers halshs-01494354, HAL.
- Edwin Fourrier-Nicolai & Michel Lubrano, 2020. "Bayesian inference for TIP curves: an application to child poverty in Germany," Post-Print hal-02477216, HAL.
- Edwin Fourrier-Nicolai & Michel Lubrano, 2017. "Bayesian Inference for TIP curves: An Application to Child Poverty in Germany," AMSE Working Papers 1710, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France.
- Catherine Porter & Natalie Nairi Quinn, 2012. "Normative Choices and Tradeoffs when Measuring Poverty over Time," OPHI Working Papers 56, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
- Connie Bayudan-Dacuycuy & Joseph Lim, 2014.
"Chronic and Transient Poverty and Vulnerability to Poverty in the Philippines: Evidence Using a Simple Spells Approach,"
Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 118(1), pages 389-413, August.
- Bayudan-Dacuycuy, Connie & Lim, Joseph Anthony, 2014. "Chronic and transient poverty and vulnerability to poverty in the Philippines: Evidence using a simple spells approach," MPRA Paper 64747, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Tareq Sadeq & Michel Lubrano, 2018.
"The Wall’s Impact in the Occupied West Bank: A Bayesian Approach to Poverty Dynamics Using Repeated Cross-Sections,"
Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-24, May.
- Tareq Sadeq & Michel Lubrano, 2018. "The Wall’s Impact in the Occupied West Bank: A Bayesian Approach to Poverty Dynamics Using Repeated Cross-Sections," Post-Print hal-01840598, HAL.
- Tareq Sadeq & Michel Lubrano, 2018. "The Wall’s Impact in the Occupied West Bank: A Bayesian Approach to Poverty Dynamics Using Repeated Cross-Sections," AMSE Working Papers 1836, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France.
- Rolf Aaberge & Magne Mogstad, 2006.
"On the Definition and Measurement of Chronic Poverty,"
ICER Working Papers
36-2006, ICER - International Centre for Economic Research.
- Rolf Aaberge & Magne Mogstad, 2007. "On the Definition and Measurement of Chronic Poverty," Discussion Papers 497, Statistics Norway, Research Department.
- Aaberge, Rolf & Mogstad, Magne, 2007. "On the Definition and Measurement of Chronic Poverty," IZA Discussion Papers 2659, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Hoy, Michael & Zheng, Buhong, 2011.
"Measuring lifetime poverty,"
Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 146(6), pages 2544-2562.
- Michael Hoy & Buhong Zheng, 2008. "Measuring Lifetime Poverty," Working Papers 0814, University of Guelph, Department of Economics and Finance.
- BOSSERT, Walter & CERIANI, Lidia & CHAKRAVARTY, Satya R. & D'AMBROSIO, Conchita, 2012.
"Intertemporal Material Deprivation,"
Cahiers de recherche
2012-06, Universite de Montreal, Departement de sciences economiques.
- Walter Bossert & Lidia Ceriani & Satya R. Chakravarty & Conchita D'Ambrosio, 2012. "Intertemporal Material Deprivation," Cahiers de recherche 07-2012, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en économie quantitative, CIREQ.
- Markus Jäntti & Stephen P. Jenkins, 2013.
"Income Mobility,"
SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research
607, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
- Markus Jantti & Stephen P. Jenkins, 2014. "Income Mobility," Working Papers 319, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
- Jäntti, Markus & Jenkins, Stephen P., 2013. "Income Mobility," IZA Discussion Papers 7730, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- P. Jenkins, Stephen & Jäntti, Markus, 2013. "Income mobility," ISER Working Paper Series 2013-23, Institute for Social and Economic Research.
- Di Zhou & Kuangyuan Cai & Shaojun Zhong, 2021. "A Statistical Measurement of Poverty Reduction Effectiveness: Using China as an Example," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 153(1), pages 39-64, January.
- Nicolai Suppa, 2018. "Transitions in poverty and its deprivations," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 51(2), pages 235-258, August.
- Jan Goebel, 2001. "Decomposing Permanent and Transitory Poverty," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 256, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Nicolai Suppa, 2017. "Measures of Human Development: Key Concepts and Properties," OPHI Working Papers ophiwp109.pdf, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
- Ravi Kanbur & Diganta Mukherjee, 2007.
"Premature Mortality And Poverty Measurement,"
Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(4), pages 339-359, October.
- Mukherjee, Diganta & Kanbur, Ravi, 2003. "Premature mortality and poverty measurement," ISER Working Paper Series 2003-06, Institute for Social and Economic Research.
- Ravi Kanbur, 2006. "Premature Mortality and Poverty Measurement," Working Papers id:707, eSocialSciences.
- Kanbur, Ravi & Mukherjee, Diganta, 2003. "Premature Mortality And Poverty Measurement," Working Papers 127197, Cornell University, Department of Applied Economics and Management.
- Marchand, J. & Smeeding, T., 2016.
"Poverty and Aging,"
Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging, in: Piggott, John & Woodland, Alan (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 0, pages 905-950,
Elsevier.
- Marchand, Joseph & Smeeding, Timothy, 2016. "Poverty and Aging," Working Papers 2016-11, University of Alberta, Department of Economics, revised 20 Nov 2016.
- Florent Bresson & Jean-Yves Duclos, 2015.
"Intertemporal poverty comparisons,"
Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 44(3), pages 567-616, March.
- Florent Bresson & Jean-Yves Duclos, 2012. "Intertemporal poverty comparisons," Working Papers halshs-00828049, HAL.
- Florent Bresson & Jean-Yves Duclos, 2015. "Intertemporal poverty comparisons," Post-Print hal-02080144, HAL.
- Florent BRESSON & Jean-Yves DUCLOS, 2012. "Intertemporal Poverty Comparisons," LEO Working Papers / DR LEO 802, Orleans Economics Laboratory / Laboratoire d'Economie d'Orleans (LEO), University of Orleans.
- Florent Bresson & Jean-Yves Duclos, 2012. "Intertemporal Poverty Comparisons," Cahiers de recherche 1240, CIRPEE.
- Goebel, Jan & Kuchler, Birgit, 2003. "Incidence and Intensity of Smoothed Income Poverty in European Countries," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 13(4), pages 357-369.
- Michael Hoy & Brennan Thompson & Buhong Zheng, 2012.
"Empirical issues in lifetime poverty measurement,"
The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 10(2), pages 163-189, June.
- Michael Hoy & Brennan Scott Thompson & Buhong Zheng, 2010. "Empirical Issues in Lifetime Poverty Measurement," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2010-073, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Luigi Fabbris, Irene Sguotti, 2013. "Measuring Chronic Poverty In Italy," RIEDS - Rivista Italiana di Economia, Demografia e Statistica - The Italian Journal of Economic, Demographic and Statistical Studies, SIEDS Societa' Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica, vol. 67(2), pages 99-122, April-Jun.
- Jalan, Jyotsna & Ravallion, Martin, 1998. "Transient Poverty in Postreform Rural China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 338-357, June.
- András Gábos & Tim Goedemé, 2016. "The Europe 2020 social inclusion indicators: main conclusions of the ImPRovE project on validity, methodological robustness and interrelationships," ImPRovE Working Papers 16/13, Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp.
- Breunig, Robert & Dasgupta, Indraneel & Gundersen, Craig & Pattanaik, Prasanta, 2001. "Explaining The Food Stamp Cash-Out Puzzle," Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Reports 33869, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
- Charles Brown & Greg J. Duncan & Frank P. Stafford, 1996. "Data Watch: The Panel Study of Income Dynamics," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 10(2), pages 155-168, Spring.
- Carlos Gradín & Coral Del Río & Olga Cantó, 2012.
"Measuring Poverty Accounting For Time,"
Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 58(2), pages 330-354, June.
- Carlos Gradín & Coral del Río & Olga Cantó, 2010. "Measuring poverty accounting for time," Working Papers 169, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
- Carlos Gradín & Coral del Río & Olga Cantó, 2010. "Measuring poverty accounting for time," Working Papers 1005, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Economía Aplicada.
- John Whalley & Ximing Yue, 2009.
"Rural Income Volatility and Inequality in China,"
CESifo Economic Studies, CESifo Group, vol. 55(3-4), pages 648-668.
- John Whalley & Ximing Yue, 2006. "Rural Income Volatility and Inequality in China," NBER Working Papers 12779, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Carina Mood & Jan O. Jonsson, 2016. "The Social Consequences of Poverty: An Empirical Test on Longitudinal Data," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 127(2), pages 633-652, June.
- L. Quillian, "undated". "Migration Patterns and the Growth of High-Poverty Neighborhoods, 1970–1990," Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Papers 1172-98, University of Wisconsin Institute for Research on Poverty.
- repec:dau:papers:123456789/4381 is not listed on IDEAS
- Birgit Kuchler & Jan Goebel, 2003. "Smoothed Income Poverty in European Countries," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 352, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Stampini, Marco & Davis, Benjamin, 2003.
"Discerning transient from chronic poverty in Nicaragua: measurement with a two period panel data set,"
ESA Working Papers
289096, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA).
- Marco Stampini & Benjamin Davis, 2003. "Discerning Transient from Chronic Poverty in Nicaragua: Measurement with a two period panel data set," Working Papers 03-03, Agricultural and Development Economics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO - ESA).
- Kimberly Bolch & Luis F. Lopez‐Calva & Eduardo Ortiz‐Juarez, 2023. "“When Life Gives You Lemons”: Using Cross‐Sectional Surveys to Identify Chronic Poverty in the Absence of Panel Data," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 69(2), pages 474-503, June.
- Ribar, David C. & Hamrick, Karen S., 2003. "Dynamics Of Poverty And Food Sufficiency," Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Reports 33851, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
- Olga Cantó & Carlos Gradín & Coral Del Río, 2012.
"Pobreza Crónica, Transitoria Y Recurrente En España,"
Revista de Economia Aplicada, Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Estructura Economica y Economia Publica, vol. 20(1), pages 69-94, Spring.
- Olga Cantó & Carlos Gradín & Coral del Río, 2010. "Pobreza crónica, transitoria y recurrente en España," Working Papers 1003, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Economía Aplicada.
- Tim Goedemé, 2010. "The standard error of estimates based on EU-SILC. An exploration through the Europe 2020 poverty indicators," Working Papers 1009, Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp.
- Schroyen, F. & Torsvik, G., 2001.
"Sticks and Carrots for the Alleviation of Long Term Poverty,"
Norway; Department of Economics, University of Bergen
2001, Department of Economics, University of Bergen.
- Fred Schroyen & Gaute Torsvik, 2002. "Sticks and Carrots for the Alleviation of Long Term Poverty," CESifo Working Paper Series 659, CESifo.
- Gordon Anderson & Maria Pittau & Roberto Zelli, 2014. "Poverty status probability: a new approach to measuring poverty and the progress of the poor," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 12(4), pages 469-488, December.
- Suhyun Jung & Seong-Hoon Cho & Roland K. Roberts, 2015. "The impact of government funding of poverty reduction programmes," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 94(3), pages 653-675, August.
- Lorena Zardo Trindade & Tim Goedemé, 2016. "Notes on updating the EU-SILC UDB sample design variables 2012-2014," Working Papers 1602, Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp.
- Maria Emma Santos, 2012. "Measuring Chronic Poverty," OPHI Working Papers 52, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
- Timothy M. Smeeding, 2018. "The PSID in Research and Policy," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 680(1), pages 29-47, November.
- Javier Alejo & Santiago Garganta, 2014. "Pobreza Crónica y Transitoria: Evidencia para Argentina 1997-2012," CEDLAS, Working Papers 0175, CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
- Julius Okello, 2024. "Measuring Refugee’s and Host Community Vulnerability to Idiosyncratic and Covariate Causes of Poverty Shocks in Uganda," American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, Science Publications, vol. 16(1), pages 24-39, August.
- Gordon Anderson, 2003. "Poverty in America 1970-1990: who did gain ground? An application of stochastic dominance criteria employing simultaneous inequality tests in a partial panel," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(6), pages 621-640.
- G. M. Arif & Nasir Iqbal & Shujaat Farooq, 2011. "The Persistence and Transition of Rural Poverty in Pakistan: 1998-2004," PIDE-Working Papers 2011:74, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
- Layte, Richard & Maitre, Bernard & Nolan, Brian & Watson, Dorothy & Williams, James & Casey, Barra, 2001. "Monitoring Poverty Trends and Exploring Poverty Dynamics in Ireland," Research Series, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), number PRS41.
- Tim Goedemé, 2013. "How much Confidence can we have in EU-SILC? Complex Sample Designs and the Standard Error of the Europe 2020 Poverty Indicators," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 110(1), pages 89-110, January.
- Tsehay, Abrham Seyoum & Bauer, Siegfried, 2012.
"Poverty Dynamics and Vulnerability: Empirical Evidence from Smallholders in Northern Highlands of Ethiopia,"
2012 Annual Meeting, August 12-14, 2012, Seattle, Washington
126780, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
- Mauricio Gallardo, 2018. "Identifying Vulnerability To Poverty: A Critical Survey," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(4), pages 1074-1105, September.
- Asena Caner & Ed Wolff, 2002. "Asset Poverty in the United States, 1984-1999: Evidence from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics," Microeconomics 0209002, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Asena Caner & Edward N. Wolff, 2002. "Asset Poverty in the United States, 1984-1999: Evidence from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics," Economics Working Paper Archive wp_356, Levy Economics Institute.
- Tsehay, Abrham Seyoum & Bauer, Siegfried, 2012. "Poverty and Vulnerability Dynamics: Empirical Evidence from Smallholders in Northern Highlands of Ethiopia," Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, Humboldt-Universitaat zu Berlin, vol. 51(4), pages 1-32, November.
- Rodgers, Joan R. & Rodgers, John L., 2006. "Chronic and Transitory Poverty in Australia 2001-2004," Economics Working Papers wp06-28, School of Economics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- James Foster & Joel Greer & Erik Thorbecke, 2010. "The Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures: 25 years later," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 8(4), pages 491-524, December.
- Mykerezi, Elton & Mills, Bradford F., 2009. "On Intra-Annual Poverty in the U.S.: Prevalence, Causes and Response to Food Stamp Program Use," Staff Papers 49095, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.
- James E. Foster & Joel Greer & Erik Thorbecke, 2010. "The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) Poverty Measures: Twenty-Five Years Later," Working Papers 2010-14, The George Washington University, Institute for International Economic Policy.
- Mai, Tung & Mahadevan, Renuka, 2016. "A research note on the poverty dynamics and cost of poverty inequality: Case study of Indonesia," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 100-107.
- Wan, Guanghua & Zhang, Yuan, 2013. "Chronic and transient poverty in rural China," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 119(3), pages 284-286.
- Tsehay, Abrham Seyoum & Bauer, Siegfried, 2012. "Poverty Dynamics and Vulnerability: Empirical Evidence from Smallholders in Northern Highlands of Ethiopia," 2012 Conference, August 18-24, 2012, Foz do Iguacu, Brazil 126873, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
- Joan R Rodgers & John L. Rodgers, 2010. "Chronic and Transitory Poverty over the Life Cycle," Australian Journal of Labour Economics (AJLE), Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin Business School, vol. 13(2), pages 117-136.