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The Forecast Combination Puzzle: A Simple Theoretical Explanation

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  1. Arthur Novaes de Amorim & Rob Deardon & Vineet Saini, 2021. "A stacked ensemble method for forecasting influenza-like illness visit volumes at emergency departments," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(3), pages 1-15, March.
  2. Tae-Hwy Lee & Millie Yi Mao & Aman Ullah, 2021. "Estimation of high-dimensional dynamic conditional precision matrices with an application to forecast combination," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(10), pages 905-918, November.
  3. Makridakis, Spyros & Spiliotis, Evangelos & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios, 2022. "Predicting/hypothesizing the findings of the M5 competition," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 1337-1345.
  4. Dai, Zhifeng & Chang, Xiaoming, 2021. "Forecasting stock market volatility: Can the risk aversion measure exert an important role?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
  5. Marina Diakonova & Luis Molina & Hannes Mueller & Javier J. Pérez & Cristopher Rauh, 2022. "The information content of conflict, social unrest and policy uncertainty measures for macroeconomic forecasting," Working Papers 2232, Banco de España.
  6. Benjamin Avanzi & Yanfeng Li & Bernard Wong & Alan Xian, 2022. "Ensemble distributional forecasting for insurance loss reserving," Papers 2206.08541, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2024.
  7. A. Surkov A. & А. Сурков А., 2019. "Применение метода попарных сравнений при объединении экономических прогнозов // Application of the Method of Pairwise Comparisons When Combining Economic Forecasts," Учет. Анализ. Аудит // Accounting. Analysis. Auditing, ФГОБУВО "Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации" // Financial University under The Government of Russian Federation, vol. 6(3), pages 32-42.
  8. Ulrich, Matthias & Jahnke, Hermann & Langrock, Roland & Pesch, Robert & Senge, Robin, 2022. "Classification-based model selection in retail demand forecasting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 209-223.
  9. Li, Li & Kang, Yanfei & Li, Feng, 2023. "Bayesian forecast combination using time-varying features," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1287-1302.
  10. Paolo Gambetti & Francesco Roccazzella & Frédéric Vrins, 2022. "Meta-Learning Approaches for Recovery Rate Prediction," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-29, June.
  11. Chen, Yi-Ting & Liu, Chu-An, 2023. "Model averaging for asymptotically optimal combined forecasts," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 235(2), pages 592-607.
  12. Sun, Yuying & Hong, Yongmiao & Wang, Shouyang & Zhang, Xinyu, 2023. "Penalized time-varying model averaging," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 235(2), pages 1355-1377.
  13. Blanc, Sebastian M. & Setzer, Thomas, 2016. "When to choose the simple average in forecast combination," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(10), pages 3951-3962.
  14. Roccazzella, Francesco & Gambetti, Paolo & Vrins, Frédéric, 2022. "Optimal and robust combination of forecasts via constrained optimization and shrinkage," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 97-116.
  15. Knüppel, Malte & Krüger, Fabian, 2017. "Forecast Uncertainty, Disagreement, and Linear Pools of Density Forecasts," VfS Annual Conference 2017 (Vienna): Alternative Structures for Money and Banking 168294, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
  16. Wang, Yudong & Hao, Xianfeng, 2022. "Forecasting the real prices of crude oil: A robust weighted least squares approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
  17. Pan, Zhiyuan & Pettenuzzo, Davide & Wang, Yudong, 2020. "Forecasting stock returns: A predictor-constrained approach," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 200-217.
  18. Coroneo, Laura & Iacone, Fabrizio & Paccagnini, Alessia & Santos Monteiro, Paulo, 2023. "Testing the predictive accuracy of COVID-19 forecasts," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 606-622.
  19. Chen, Juan & Ma, Feng & Qiu, Xuemei & Li, Tao, 2023. "The role of categorical EPU indices in predicting stock-market returns," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 365-378.
  20. Pritularga, Kandrika F. & Svetunkov, Ivan & Kourentzes, Nikolaos, 2021. "Stochastic coherency in forecast reconciliation," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
  21. Antoine Mandel & Amir Sani, 2017. "A Machine Learning Approach to the Forecast Combination Puzzle," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-01317974, HAL.
  22. Dimitrios Sarris & Evangelos Spiliotis & Vassilios Assimakopoulos, 2020. "Exploiting resampling techniques for model selection in forecasting: an empirical evaluation using out-of-sample tests," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 20(2), pages 701-721, June.
  23. Chuanhua Wei & Chenping Du & Nana Zheng, 2020. "A Changing Weights Spatial Forecast Combination Approach with an Application to Housing Price Prediction," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 12(4), pages 1-11, April.
  24. Gergely Akos Ganics, 2017. "Optimal density forecast combinations," Working Papers 1751, Banco de España.
  25. Spiliotis, Evangelos & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios & Makridakis, Spyros, 2020. "Generalizing the Theta method for automatic forecasting," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 284(2), pages 550-558.
  26. Xianfeng Hao & Yudong Wang, 2023. "Forecasting the stock risk premium: A new statistical constraint," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(7), pages 1805-1822, November.
  27. Marcos Bujosa & Antonio García‐Ferrer & Aránzazu de Juan & Antonio Martín‐Arroyo, 2020. "Evaluating early warning and coincident indicators of business cycles using smooth trends," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(1), pages 1-17, January.
  28. Ray, Evan L. & Brooks, Logan C. & Bien, Jacob & Biggerstaff, Matthew & Bosse, Nikos I. & Bracher, Johannes & Cramer, Estee Y. & Funk, Sebastian & Gerding, Aaron & Johansson, Michael A. & Rumack, Aaron, 2023. "Comparing trained and untrained probabilistic ensemble forecasts of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the United States," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1366-1383.
  29. Petropoulos, Fotios & Apiletti, Daniele & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios & Babai, Mohamed Zied & Barrow, Devon K. & Ben Taieb, Souhaib & Bergmeir, Christoph & Bessa, Ricardo J. & Bijak, Jakub & Boylan, Joh, 2022. "Forecasting: theory and practice," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 705-871.
    • Fotios Petropoulos & Daniele Apiletti & Vassilios Assimakopoulos & Mohamed Zied Babai & Devon K. Barrow & Souhaib Ben Taieb & Christoph Bergmeir & Ricardo J. Bessa & Jakub Bijak & John E. Boylan & Jet, 2020. "Forecasting: theory and practice," Papers 2012.03854, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2022.
  30. Clements, Adam & Vasnev, Andrey, 2021. "Forecast combination puzzle in the HAR model," Working Papers BAWP-2021-01, University of Sydney Business School, Discipline of Business Analytics.
  31. Honghai Yu & Xianfeng Hao & Liangyu Wu & Yuqi Zhao & Yudong Wang, 2023. "Eye in outer space: satellite imageries of container ports can predict world stock returns," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-16, December.
  32. Kang, Yanfei & Spiliotis, Evangelos & Petropoulos, Fotios & Athiniotis, Nikolaos & Li, Feng & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios, 2021. "Déjà vu: A data-centric forecasting approach through time series cross-similarity," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 719-731.
  33. James Younker, 2022. "Calculating Effective Degrees of Freedom for Forecast Combinations and Ensemble Models," Discussion Papers 2022-19, Bank of Canada.
  34. Martin, Gael M. & Loaiza-Maya, Rubén & Maneesoonthorn, Worapree & Frazier, David T. & Ramírez-Hassan, Andrés, 2022. "Optimal probabilistic forecasts: When do they work?," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 384-406.
  35. Thompson, Ryan & Qian, Yilin & Vasnev, Andrey L., 2024. "Flexible global forecast combinations," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
  36. Wang, Yudong & Liu, Li & Ma, Feng & Diao, Xundi, 2018. "Momentum of return predictability," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 141-156.
  37. Yue-Jun Zhang & Han Zhang & Rangan Gupta, 2021. "Forecasting the Artificial Intelligence Index Returns: A Hybrid Approach," Working Papers 202182, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
  38. Mark F. J. Steel, 2020. "Model Averaging and Its Use in Economics," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 58(3), pages 644-719, September.
  39. Matsypura, Dmytro & Thompson, Ryan & Vasnev, Andrey L., 2018. "Optimal selection of expert forecasts with integer programming," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 165-175.
  40. Kang, Yanfei & Cao, Wei & Petropoulos, Fotios & Li, Feng, 2022. "Forecast with forecasts: Diversity matters," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 301(1), pages 180-190.
  41. Wang, Yudong & Liu, Li & Wu, Chongfeng, 2017. "Forecasting the real prices of crude oil using forecast combinations over time-varying parameter models," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 337-348.
  42. Aysun Kapucugil Ikiz & Gizem Halil Utma, 2023. "Combined Forecasts of Intermittent Demand for Stock-keeping Units (SKUs)," World Journal of Applied Economics, WERI-World Economic Research Institute, vol. 9(1), pages 1-31, June.
  43. Wang, Yudong & Pan, Zhiyuan & Wu, Chongfeng & Wu, Wenfeng, 2020. "Industry equi-correlation: A powerful predictor of stock returns," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1-24.
  44. Wei, Wei & Zhu, Dan, 2022. "Generic improvements to least squares monte carlo methods with applications to optimal stopping problems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 298(3), pages 1132-1144.
  45. Hao, Xianfeng & Zhao, Yuyang & Wang, Yudong, 2020. "Forecasting the real prices of crude oil using robust regression models with regularization constraints," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
  46. Erjiang E & Ming Yu & Xin Tian & Ye Tao, 2022. "Dynamic Model Selection Based on Demand Pattern Classification in Retail Sales Forecasting," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(17), pages 1-16, September.
  47. Pinçe, Çerağ & Turrini, Laura & Meissner, Joern, 2021. "Intermittent demand forecasting for spare parts: A Critical review," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
  48. Gibbs, Christopher G. & Vasnev, Andrey L., 2024. "Conditionally optimal weights and forward-looking approaches to combining forecasts," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 40(4), pages 1734-1751.
  49. Knut Are Aastveit & Jamie L. Cross & Herman K. van Dijk, 2023. "Quantifying Time-Varying Forecast Uncertainty and Risk for the Real Price of Oil," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(2), pages 523-537, April.
  50. Juan C. Méndez-Vizcaíno & Alexander Guarin & César Anzola-Bravo & Anderson Grajales-Olarte, 2021. "Characterizing and Communicating the Balance of Risks of Macroeconomic Forecasts: A Predictive Density Approach for Colombia," Borradores de Economia 1178, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  51. Zhang, Hongwei & Zhao, Xinyi & Gao, Wang & Niu, Zibo, 2023. "The role of higher moments in predicting China's oil futures volatility: Evidence from machine learning models," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 32(C).
  52. Athanasopoulos, George & Hyndman, Rob J. & Kourentzes, Nikolaos & Panagiotelis, Anastasios, 2024. "Forecast reconciliation: A review," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 40(2), pages 430-456.
  53. Zhang, Keyi & Gençay, Ramazan & Ege Yazgan, M., 2017. "Application of wavelet decomposition in time-series forecasting," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 41-46.
  54. Wang, Xiaoqian & Hyndman, Rob J. & Li, Feng & Kang, Yanfei, 2023. "Forecast combinations: An over 50-year review," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(4), pages 1518-1547.
  55. Yu, Dan & Chen, Chuang & Wang, Yudong & Zhang, Yaojie, 2023. "Hedging pressure momentum and the predictability of oil futures returns," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
  56. Wei Qian & Craig A. Rolling & Gang Cheng & Yuhong Yang, 2019. "On the Forecast Combination Puzzle," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 7(3), pages 1-26, September.
  57. Astafyeva, Ekaterina & Turuntseva, Marina, 2024. "Forecast evaluation improving using the simplest methods of individual forecasts’ combination," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 74, pages 78-103.
  58. Larissa Koupriouchina & Jean-Pierre van der Rest & Zvi Schwartz, 2023. "Judgmental Adjustments of Algorithmic Hotel Occupancy Forecasts: Does User Override Frequency Impact Accuracy at Different Time Horizons?," Tourism Economics, , vol. 29(8), pages 2143-2164, December.
  59. Fabian Kruger & Hendrik Plett, 2022. "Prediction intervals for economic fixed-event forecasts," Papers 2210.13562, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2024.
  60. Antoine Mandel & Amir Sani, 2016. "Learning Time-Varying Forecast Combinations," Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 16036, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne.
  61. Shaobo Jin, 2022. "Frequentist Model Averaging in Structure Equation Model With Ordinal Data," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 87(3), pages 1130-1145, September.
  62. Li Liu & Yudong Wang, 2021. "Forecasting aggregate market volatility: The role of good and bad uncertainties," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(1), pages 40-61, January.
  63. Andrei Dubovik & Adam Elbourne & Bram Hendriks & Mark Kattenberg, 2022. "Forecasting World Trade Using Big Data and Machine Learning Techniques," CPB Discussion Paper 441, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
  64. Qiu, Yue & Zheng, Yuchen, 2023. "Improving box office projections through sentiment analysis: Insights from regularization-based forecast combinations," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
  65. Qian, Wei & Rolling, Craig A. & Cheng, Gang & Yang, Yuhong, 2022. "Combining forecasts for universally optimal performance," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 193-208.
  66. Kathryn S Taylor & James W Taylor, 2022. "Interval forecasts of weekly incident and cumulative COVID-19 mortality in the United States: A comparison of combining methods," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(3), pages 1-25, March.
  67. Tae-Hwy Lee & Ekaterina Seregina, 2020. "Learning from Forecast Errors: A New Approach to Forecast Combination," Working Papers 202024, University of California at Riverside, Department of Economics.
  68. Post, Thierry & Karabatı, Selçuk & Arvanitis, Stelios, 2019. "Robust optimization of forecast combinations," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 910-926.
  69. Pan, Zhiyuan & Wang, Yudong & Wu, Chongfeng & Yin, Libo, 2017. "Oil price volatility and macroeconomic fundamentals: A regime switching GARCH-MIDAS model," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 130-142.
  70. Nima Zarrabi & Stuart Snaith & Jerry Coakley, 2022. "Exchange rate forecasting using economic models and technical trading rules," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(10), pages 997-1018, July.
  71. Bas Scheer, 2022. "Addressing Unemployment Rate Forecast Errors in Relation to the Business Cycle," CPB Discussion Paper 434, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
  72. Qianjie Geng & Xianfeng Hao & Yudong Wang, 2024. "Forecasting the volatility of crude oil futures: A time‐dependent weighted least squares with regularization constraint," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(2), pages 309-325, March.
  73. Wang, Shengjie & Kang, Yanfei & Petropoulos, Fotios, 2024. "Combining probabilistic forecasts of intermittent demand," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 315(3), pages 1038-1048.
  74. Hounyo, Ulrich & Lahiri, Kajal, 2023. "Estimating the variance of a combined forecast: Bootstrap-based approach," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 232(2), pages 445-468.
  75. Qian, Yilin & Thompson, Ryan & Vasnev, Andrey L, 2022. "Global combinations of expert forecasts," Working Papers BAWP-2022-02, University of Sydney Business School, Discipline of Business Analytics.
  76. Laurent L. Pauwels & Andrey L. Vasnev, 2017. "Forecast combination for discrete choice models: predicting FOMC monetary policy decisions," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 52(1), pages 229-254, February.
  77. Zhang, Yaojie & Ma, Feng & Shi, Benshan & Huang, Dengshi, 2018. "Forecasting the prices of crude oil: An iterated combination approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 472-483.
  78. Paritosh Navinchandra Jha & Marco Cucculelli, 2021. "A New Model Averaging Approach in Predicting Credit Risk Default," Risks, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-15, June.
  79. Wei Qian & Craig A. Rolling & Gang Cheng & Yuhong Yang, 2015. "On the Forecast Combination Puzzle," Papers 1505.00475, arXiv.org.
  80. Radchenko, Peter & Vasnev, Andrey L. & Wang, Wendun, 2023. "Too similar to combine? On negative weights in forecast combination," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 18-38.
  81. Chen, Rongda & Xu, Jianjun, 2019. "Forecasting volatility and correlation between oil and gold prices using a novel multivariate GAS model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 379-391.
  82. Daud Ali Aser & Esin Firuzan, 2022. "Improving Forecast Accuracy Using Combined Forecasts with Regard to Structural Breaks and ARCH Innovations," EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics, vol. 0(37), pages 1-25, December.
  83. Chan, Felix & Pauwels, Laurent L., 2018. "Some theoretical results on forecast combinations," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 64-74.
  84. Lu, Xinjie & Ma, Feng & Xu, Jin & Zhang, Zehui, 2022. "Oil futures volatility predictability: New evidence based on machine learning models11All the authors contribute to the paper equally," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
  85. Makridakis, Spyros & Spiliotis, Evangelos & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios, 2020. "The M4 Competition: 100,000 time series and 61 forecasting methods," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 54-74.
  86. Zhentao Shi & Liangjun Su & Tian Xie, 2020. "L2-Relaxation: With Applications to Forecast Combination and Portfolio Analysis," Papers 2010.09477, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2022.
  87. Wang, Yudong & Hao, Xianfeng & Wu, Chongfeng, 2021. "Forecasting stock returns: A time-dependent weighted least squares approach," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
  88. Kourentzes, Nikolaos & Barrow, Devon & Petropoulos, Fotios, 2019. "Another look at forecast selection and combination: Evidence from forecast pooling," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 226-235.
  89. Wang, Yudong & Geng, Qianjie & Meng, Fanyi, 2019. "Futures hedging in crude oil markets: A comparison between minimum-variance and minimum-risk frameworks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 815-826.
  90. Huang, Tao & Fildes, Robert & Soopramanien, Didier, 2019. "Forecasting retailer product sales in the presence of structural change," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 279(2), pages 459-470.
  91. Wang, Yudong & Pan, Zhiyuan & Liu, Li & Wu, Chongfeng, 2019. "Oil price increases and the predictability of equity premium," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 43-58.
  92. Qianjie Geng & Yudong Wang, 2021. "Futures Hedging in CSI 300 Markets: A Comparison Between Minimum-Variance and Maximum-Utility Frameworks," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 57(2), pages 719-742, February.
  93. Eraslan, Sercan & Nöller, Marvin, 2020. "Recession probabilities falling from the STARs," Discussion Papers 08/2020, Deutsche Bundesbank.
  94. Yue-Jun Zhang & Han Zhang & Rangan Gupta, 2023. "A new hybrid method with data-characteristic-driven analysis for artificial intelligence and robotics index return forecasting," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-23, December.
  95. Greenaway-McGrevy, Ryan, 2022. "Forecast combination for VARs in large N and T panels," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 142-164.
  96. Su, Kuangxi & Yao, Yinhong & Zheng, Chengli & Xie, Wenzhao, 2023. "A novel hybrid strategy for crude oil future hedging based on the combination of three minimum-CVaR models," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 35-50.
  97. Makridakis, Spyros & Spiliotis, Evangelos & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios, 2022. "M5 accuracy competition: Results, findings, and conclusions," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 1346-1364.
  98. Liu, Li & Pan, Zhiyuan, 2020. "Forecasting stock market volatility: The role of technical variables," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 55-65.
  99. Malte Knüppel & Fabian Krüger, 2022. "Forecast uncertainty, disagreement, and the linear pool," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 37(1), pages 23-41, January.
  100. Liu, Li & Wang, Yudong & Yang, Li, 2018. "Predictability of crude oil prices: An investor perspective," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 193-205.
  101. Sebastian M. Blanc & Thomas Setzer, 2020. "Bias–Variance Trade-Off and Shrinkage of Weights in Forecast Combination," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(12), pages 5720-5737, December.
  102. Lang, Korbinian & Auer, Benjamin R., 2020. "The economic and financial properties of crude oil: A review," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
  103. Makridakis, Spyros & Spiliotis, Evangelos & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios, 2022. "The M5 competition: Background, organization, and implementation," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 1325-1336.
  104. Zhifeng Dai & Huiting Zhou, 2020. "Prediction of Stock Returns: Sum-of-the-Parts Method and Economic Constraint Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-13, January.
  105. Kira Alhorn & Holger Dette & Kirsten Schorning, 2021. "Optimal Designs for Model Averaging in non-nested Models," Sankhya A: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Springer;Indian Statistical Institute, vol. 83(2), pages 745-778, August.
  106. Li Liu & Zhiyuan Pan & Yudong Wang, 2021. "What can we learn from the return predictability over the business cycle?," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(1), pages 108-131, January.
  107. Dai, Zhifeng & Kang, Jie & Wen, Fenghua, 2021. "Predicting stock returns: A risk measurement perspective," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
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