IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/r/hrv/faseco/27693804.html
   My bibliography  Save this item

The Size and Incidence of the Losses from Noise Trading

Citations

Blog mentions

As found by EconAcademics.org, the blog aggregator for Economics research:
  1. The Ambiguity of Stock Value
    by Guest Author in the big picture on 2010-12-28 20:30:00
  2. Why It's So Difficult To Call The Market Top
    by Tyler Durden in Zero Hedge on 2017-06-29 17:23:39

Citations

Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
as


Cited by:

  1. Ricardo J. Caballero & Emmanuel Farhi & Mohamad L. Hammour, 2006. "Speculative Growth: Hints from the U.S. Economy," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 96(4), pages 1159-1192, September.
  2. Tay, Nicholas S. P. & Linn, Scott C., 2001. "Fuzzy inductive reasoning, expectation formation and the behavior of security prices," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 25(3-4), pages 321-361, March.
  3. Castaneda, Gonzalo, 2006. "Economic growth and concentrated ownership in stock markets," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 59(2), pages 249-286, February.
  4. Bahloul, Walid & Bouri, Abdelfettah, 2016. "The impact of investor sentiment on returns and conditional volatility in U.S. futures markets," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 89-102.
  5. Ludovic Cal`es & Apostolos Chalkis & Ioannis Z. Emiris, 2021. "The cross-sectional distribution of portfolio returns and applications," Papers 2105.06573, arXiv.org.
  6. Apostolos Chalkis & Emmanouil Christoforou & Ioannis Z. Emiris & Theodore Dalamagas, 2020. "Modeling asset allocation strategies and a new portfolio performance score," Papers 2012.05088, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2021.
  7. Art Durnev & Kan Li & Randall Mørck & Bernard Yeung, 2004. "Capital markets and capital allocation: Implications for economies in transition," The Economics of Transition, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, vol. 12(4), pages 593-634, December.
  8. Barberis, Nicholas & Greenwood, Robin & Jin, Lawrence & Shleifer, Andrei, 2015. "X-CAPM: An extrapolative capital asset pricing model," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 1-24.
  9. J. Bradford Delong, 1999. "Financial Crises in the 1890s and the 1990s: Must History Repeat," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 30(2), pages 253-294.
  10. John E. Floyd, 1995. "Uncovered Interest Parity: A Further Reconsideration," Working Papers floyd-95-01, University of Toronto, Department of Economics.
  11. Dwight R. Sanders & Scott H. Irwin & Raymond M. Leuthold, 1997. "Noise Traders, Market Sentiment, and Futures Price Behavior," Finance 9707001, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  12. Po-Keng Cheng & Young Shin Kim, 2017. "Speculative bubbles and crashes: Fundamentalists and positive‐feedback trading," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 1381370-138, January.
  13. Rob Bauer & Katrin Gödker & Paul Smeets & Florian Zimmermann, 2024. "Mental Models in Financial Markets: How Do Experts Reason About the Pricing of Climate Risk?," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series 319, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
  14. Weisbach, David A., 1997. "Should a Short Sale Against the Box Be a Realization Event?," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 50(3), pages 495-506, September.
  15. Warren Bailey & Lin Zheng, 2013. "Banks, Bears, and the Financial Crisis," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 44(1), pages 1-51, August.
  16. Li Jin & Stewart C. Myers, 2004. "R-Squared Around the World: New Theory and New Tests," NBER Working Papers 10453, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  17. Neely, Christopher J., 2008. "Central bank authorities' beliefs about foreign exchange intervention," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 1-25, February.
  18. John Y. Campbell & Sanford J. Grossman & Jiang Wang, 1993. "Trading Volume and Serial Correlation in Stock Returns," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 108(4), pages 905-939.
  19. Gagnon, Louis & Andrew Karolyi, G., 2010. "Multi-market trading and arbitrage," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(1), pages 53-80, July.
  20. Prashant Das & Julia Freybote & Gianluca Marcato, 2015. "An Investigation into Sentiment-Induced Institutional Trading Behavior and Asset Pricing in the REIT Market," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 51(2), pages 160-189, August.
  21. Olivier Jeanne & Andrew K. Rose, 2002. "Noise Trading and Exchange Rate Regimes," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 117(2), pages 537-569.
  22. Robert S. Chirinko & Huntley Schaller, 2011. "Fundamentals, Misvaluation, and Business Investment," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 43(7), pages 1423-1442, October.
  23. Tarek A. Hassan & Thomas M. Mertens, 2017. "The Social Cost of Near-Rational Investment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 107(4), pages 1059-1103, April.
  24. Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W, 1997. "A Survey of Corporate Governance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(2), pages 737-783, June.
  25. Sin-Yu Ho, 2018. "Determinants of economic growth in Hong Kong: The role of stock market development," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 6(1), pages 1510718-151, January.
  26. Sandroni, Alvaro, 2005. "Market selection when markets are incomplete," Journal of Mathematical Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(1-2), pages 91-104, February.
  27. Weisbach, David A., 1997. "Should a Short Sale Against the Box be a Realization Event?," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 50(3), pages 495-506, September.
  28. Chini, Emilio Zanetti, 2023. "Can we estimate macroforecasters’ mis-behavior?," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
  29. André Betzer & Jan Philipp Harries, 2022. "How online discussion board activity affects stock trading: the case of GameStop," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 36(4), pages 443-472, December.
  30. Brown, Gregory W. & Cliff, Michael T., 2004. "Investor sentiment and the near-term stock market," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 11(1), pages 1-27, January.
  31. Sanders, Dwight R. & Irwin, Scott H. & Leuthold, Raymond M., 1996. "Noise Trade Demand In Futures Markets," ACE OFOR Reports 14765, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics.
  32. Ulrich Horst & Jan Wezelburger, 2006. "Non-ergodic Behavior in a Financial Market with Interacting Investors," 2006 Meeting Papers 229, Society for Economic Dynamics.
  33. Ed Westerhout, 2002. "The Capital Tax and Welfare Effects from Asymmetric Information on Equity Markets," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 9(3), pages 219-233, May.
  34. Daehwan Kim & Chi-Young Song, 2017. "Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers: Determinants of Cross-country Impacts on Stock Market Volatility," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 7(3), pages 210-219.
  35. Levine, Ross & Zervos, Sara, 1998. "Capital Control Liberalization and Stock Market Development," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 26(7), pages 1169-1183, July.
  36. De Long, J Bradford & Andrei Shleifer & Lawrence H. Summers & Robert J. Waldmann, 1990. "Noise Trader Risk in Financial Markets," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(4), pages 703-738, August.
  37. Mark L. Defond & Mingyi Hung, 2004. "Investor Protection and Corporate Governance: Evidence from Worldwide CEO Turnover," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(2), pages 269-312, May.
  38. Roberto J. Santillán-Salgado, 2012. "Is the Mexican Stock Market Becoming More Efficient?," Remef - The Mexican Journal of Economics and Finance, Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas. Remef, October.
  39. Randall Morck & Bernard Yeung & Wayne Yu, 1999. "The Information Content of Stock Markets: Why Do Emerging Markets Have Synchronous Stock Price Movements?," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1879, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
  40. Rob Bauer & Katrin Gödker & Paul Smeets & Florian Zimmermann, 2024. "Mental Models in Financial Markets: How Do Experts Reason About the Pricing of Climate Change?," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series crctr224_2024_569, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany.
  41. Kühl, Michael, 2008. "Strong comovements of exchange rates: Theoretical and empirical cases when currencies become the same asset," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 76, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
  42. Chen, Zhenhua & Liu, Zhenya & Teka, Hanen & Zhang, Yifan, 2022. "Smart money in China's A-share market: Evidence from big data," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
  43. Pierre-Marie Larnac, 1990. "Équilibres financiers concurrentiels avec risque d'information privée," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 41(5), pages 799-816.
  44. Clark, Gordon L. & Fiaschetti, Maurizio & Tufano, Peter & Viehs, Michael, 2018. "Playing with your future: Who gambles in defined-contribution pension plans?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 213-225.
  45. Kirman, Alan & Teyssiere, Gilles, 2005. "Testing for bubbles and change-points," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 765-799, April.
  46. Ackert, Lucy F. & Church, Bryan K. & Schneider, Arnold, 2008. "Provision of non-audit services and individuals’ investment decisions: Experimental evidence," Research in Accounting Regulation, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 177-185.
  47. Akbas, Ferhat & Boehmer, Ekkehart & Jiang, Chao & Koch, Paul D., 2022. "Overnight returns, daytime reversals, and future stock returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(3), pages 850-875.
  48. Paula A. Yepes-Henao & Diego A. Agudelo & Ramazan Gencay, 2018. "Muddying the waters: Who Induces Volatility in an Emerging Market?," Documentos de Trabajo de Valor Público 16974, Universidad EAFIT.
  49. John Conlon, 2005. "Should Central Banks Burst Bubbles?," Game Theory and Information 0508007, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  50. Rilwan Sakariyahu & Audrey Paterson & Eleni Chatzivgeri & Rodiat Lawal, 2024. "Chasing noise in the stock market: an inquiry into the dynamics of investor sentiment and asset pricing," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 62(1), pages 135-169, January.
  51. Elena Valentina Ţilică & Victor Dragotă & Camelia Delcea & Răzvan Ioan Tătaru, 2024. "Portfolio management under capital market frictions: a grey clustering approach," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 10(1), pages 1-36, December.
  52. Calvet, Laurent-Emmanuel & Grandmont, Jean-Michel & Lemaire, Isabelle, 2018. "Aggregation of heterogenous beliefs, asset pricing, and risk sharing in complete financial markets," Research in Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(1), pages 117-146.
  53. Janussek, Maximilian, 2022. "Blessing or Curse? The Influence of Neobrokers on the Investment Behavior of Young Investors," Junior Management Science (JUMS), Junior Management Science e. V., vol. 7(5), pages 1375-1399.
  54. Fung, Michael K. & Cheng, Louis T.W. & Shen, Jianfu, 2024. "Do media message receivers asymmetrically react to non-strategic and strategic media coverage? Evidence from Hong Kong," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(PA).
  55. Dufwenberg, Martin & Lindqvist, Tobias & Moore, Evan, 2003. "Bubbles and Experience: An Experiment on Speculation," Working Paper Series 588, Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
  56. Pacces, Alessio M., 2000. "Financial intermediation in the securities markets law and economics of conduct of business regulation," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 479-510, December.
  57. Bjursell, Johan & Frino, Alex & Tse, Yiuman & Wang, George H.K., 2010. "Volatility and trading activity following changes in the size of futures contracts," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(5), pages 967-980, December.
  58. Georgantopoulos, Andreas G. & Tsamis, Anastasios D. & Agoraki, Maria-Eleni K., 2015. "The Euro-adoption effect and the bank, market, and growth nexus: New evidence from EU panels," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 12(1), pages 41-51.
  59. Scott Fung & Hoje Jo & Shih‐Chuan Tsai, 2009. "Agency problems in stock market‐driven acquisitions," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 8(4), pages 388-430, October.
  60. Bahloul, Walid & Bouri, Abdelfettah, 2016. "Profitability of return and sentiment-based investment strategies in US futures markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 254-270.
  61. Wang, F. Albert, 2001. "Overconfidence, Investor Sentiment, and Evolution," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 10(2), pages 138-170, April.
  62. Malcolm Baker & Richard S. Ruback & Jeffrey Wurgler, 2004. "Behavioral Corporate Finance: A Survey," NBER Working Papers 10863, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  63. John R. Conlon, 2015. "Should Central Banks Burst Bubbles? Some Microeconomic Issues," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 125(582), pages 141-161, February.
  64. Alan Kirman, 2006. "Heterogeneity in Economics," Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, Springer;Society for Economic Science with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents, vol. 1(1), pages 89-117, May.
  65. Muhammad Kashif & Fatima Sultana & Muhammad Atif & Muhammad Aslam & Ammara Sarwar & Umar Farooq Awan & Muhammad Wasif Hanif, 2023. "COVID-19 Attack on Stock Markets: Event Study and Panel Data Analysis of Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC)," Journal of Economic Impact, Science Impact Publishers, vol. 5(1), pages 50-63.
  66. Samuel Agyei‐Ampomah & J. R. Davies, 2005. "Excess Volatility and UK Investment Trusts," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(5‐6), pages 1033-1062, June.
  67. Gaganis, Chrysovalantis & Hasan, Iftekhar & Papadimitri, Panagiota & Tasiou, Menelaos, 2019. "National culture and risk-taking: Evidence from the insurance industry," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 104-116.
  68. Chu, Xiaojun & Gu, Zherong & Zhou, Haigang, 2019. "Intraday momentum and reversal in Chinese stock market," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 83-88.
  69. Levine, Ross & Zervos, Sara, 1998. "Stock Markets, Banks, and Economic Growth," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 88(3), pages 537-558, June.
  70. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Narayan, Seema, 2013. "The short-run relationship between the financial system and economic growth: New evidence from regional panels," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 70-78.
  71. C. Yiu & S. Wong & K. Chau, 2009. "Transaction Volume and Price Dispersion in the Presale and Spot Real Estate Markets," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 38(3), pages 241-253, April.
  72. Vesna Karadžic & Tamara Backovic Vulic, 2011. "The Montenegrin Capital Market: Calendar Anomalies," Economic Annals, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, vol. 56(191), pages 107-122, October-D.
  73. Arestis, Philip & Demetriades, Panicos O & Luintel, Kul B, 2001. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Role of Stock Markets," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 33(1), pages 16-41, February.
  74. Kusen, Alex & Rudolf, Markus, 2019. "Feedback trading: Strategies during day and night with global interconnectedness," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 438-463.
  75. Jia, Xue, 2016. "On the role of information disclosures in capital markets," Other publications TiSEM 9bacfbaa-2162-49fe-92e6-5, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
  76. Stein, Jeremy C, 1996. "Rational Capital Budgeting in an Irrational World," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 69(4), pages 429-455, October.
  77. Cheema, Arbab K. & Eshraghi, Arman & Wang, Qingwei, 2023. "Macroeconomic news and price synchronicity," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 390-412.
  78. Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W., 2010. "Unstable banking," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(3), pages 306-318, September.
  79. Cheng, Su-Yin, 2012. "Substitution or complementary effects between banking and stock markets: Evidence from financial openness in Taiwan," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 508-520.
  80. Simon van Norden & Huntley Schaller, 2002. "Fads or bubbles?," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 27(2), pages 335-362.
  81. H. F. Baklaci & O. Olgun & E. Can, 2011. "Noise traders: a new approach to understand the phantom of stock markets," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(11), pages 1035-1041.
  82. Roberto J. Santillán-Salgado, 2011. "Is the Mexican Stock Market Becoming More Efficient?," Remef - Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas Nueva Época REMEF (The Mexican Journal of Economics and Finance), Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas, IMEF, vol. 6(1), pages 87-102, Julio-Dic.
  83. Linn, Scott C. & Stanhouse, Bryan E., 1997. "The economic advantage of least squares learning in a risky asset market," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 49(4), pages 303-319.
  84. Claudio Boido & Antonio Fasano, 2015. "CAPM with Sentiment," Journal of Financial Management, Markets and Institutions, Società editrice il Mulino, issue 2, pages 265-288, December.
  85. Thomas Schuster, 2003. "Meta-Communication and Market Dynamics. Reflexive Interactions of Financial Markets and the Mass Media," Finance 0307014, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  86. Valeriano F. García & Lin Liu, 1999. "Macroeconomic Determinants of Stock Market Development," Journal of Applied Economics, Universidad del CEMA, vol. 2, pages 29-59, May.
  87. Mr. Fabian Lipinsky & Ms. Li L Ong, 2014. "Asia’s Stock Markets: Are There Crouching Tigers and Hidden Dragons?," IMF Working Papers 2014/037, International Monetary Fund.
  88. repec:got:cegedp:76 is not listed on IDEAS
  89. Pauline M. Shum & James E. Pesando, 1996. "Share Price Response to New Information with Short Horizon Investors the Case of Hong Kong," Working Papers 1997_02, York University, Department of Economics.
  90. Bhanwar Singh & Rosy Dhall & Sahil Narang & Savita Rawat, 2024. "The Outbreak of COVID-19 and Stock Market Responses: An Event Study and Panel Data Analysis for G-20 Countries," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 25(3), pages 606-631, June.
  91. Uri M. Possen & Mikko Puhakka, 1994. "Rationality of limited rationality : some aggregate implications," Finnish Economic Papers, Finnish Economic Association, vol. 7(2), pages 83-93, Autumn.
  92. Baker, Malcolm & Wurgler, Jeffrey, 2013. "Behavioral Corporate Finance: An Updated Survey," Handbook of the Economics of Finance, in: G.M. Constantinides & M. Harris & R. M. Stulz (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 357-424, Elsevier.
  93. Mishra, Sagarika & Narayan, Paresh Kumar, 2015. "A nonparametric model of financial system and economic growth," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 175-191.
  94. Gregory James & Michail Karoglou, 2009. "Financial Liberalisation and Stock Market Volatility: The Case of Indonesia," Discussion Paper Series 2009_11, Department of Economics, Loughborough University, revised Sep 2009.
  95. Ismail O. Fasanya & Adegbemi B. O Onakoya & Donald Ikenna Ofoegbu, 2013. "Capital Market Development: A Spur to Economic Growth in Nigeria," Acta Universitatis Danubius. OEconomica, Danubius University of Galati, issue 9(5), pages 222-234, October.
  96. Ridha Esghaier, 2017. "Capital Structure Choices and Behavioral Biases: An Application to a Panel of US Industrial Companies," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 7(4), pages 608-622.
  97. Osler, C. L., 1998. "Short-term speculators and the puzzling behaviour of exchange rates," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 37-57, June.
  98. Chu, Lan Khanh & Chu, Hung Viet, 2020. "Is too much liquidity harmful to economic growth?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 230-242.
  99. Andrew Coleman, 1999. "Economic Integration and Monetary Union," Treasury Working Paper Series 99/06, New Zealand Treasury.
  100. Menkhoff, L., 1998. "The noise trading approach -- questionnaire evidence from foreign exchange," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 547-564, June.
  101. Calès, Ludovic & Chalkis, Apostolos & Emiris, Ioannis Z., 2019. "On the cross-sectional distribution of portfolio returns," JRC Working Papers in Economics and Finance 2019-11, Joint Research Centre, European Commission.
  102. Jean-Paul Pollin, 2004. "Finance comportementale et volatilité," Revue d'Économie Financière, Programme National Persée, vol. 74(1), pages 139-156.
  103. Yun Wang & Renhai Hua & Zongcheng Zhang, 2011. "The investor behavior and futures market volatility," China Finance Review International, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 1(4), pages 388-407, September.
  104. Yanying Zhang & Yiuman Tse & Gaiyan Zhang, 2022. "Return predictability between industries and the stock market in China," Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(2), pages 194-220, May.
  105. Li JIN & Stewart C. MYERS, 2004. "R2 Around the World: New Theory and New Tests," FAME Research Paper Series rp158, International Center for Financial Asset Management and Engineering.
  106. Dailami, Mansoor & Atkin, Michael, 1990. "Stock markets in developing countries : key issues and a research agenda," Policy Research Working Paper Series 515, The World Bank.
  107. Lipe, M. G., 1998. "Individual investors' risk judgments and investment decisions: The impact of accounting and market data," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 23(7), pages 625-640, October.
  108. Follmer, Hans & Horst, Ulrich & Kirman, Alan, 2005. "Equilibria in financial markets with heterogeneous agents: a probabilistic perspective," Journal of Mathematical Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(1-2), pages 123-155, February.
IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.