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Non-Linearities And Fractional Integration In The Us Unemployment Rate
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Cited by:
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana & Carlos Poza, 2022.
"Inflation in the G7 countries: persistence and structural breaks,"
Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 46(3), pages 493-506, July.
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Carlos Poza, 2020. "Inflation in the G7 Countries: Persistence and Structural Breaks," CESifo Working Paper Series 8349, CESifo.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & Christophe André & Rangan Gupta & Tsangyao Chang & Omid Ranjbar, 2016.
"The Feldstein--Horioka puzzle in South Africa: A fractional cointegration approach,"
The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(7), pages 978-991, October.
- Luis A Gil-Alana & Christophe André & Rangan Gupta & Tsangyao Chang & Omid Ranjbar, 2015. "The Feldstein-Horioka Puzzle in South Africa: A Fractional Cointegration Approach," Working Papers 201501, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & Juncal Cunado & Rangan Gupta, 2017.
"Persistence, Mean-Reversion and Non-linearities in Infant Mortality Rates,"
Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 131(1), pages 393-405, March.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & Juncal Cunado & Rangan Gupta, 2015. "Persistence, Mean-Reversion and Non-Linearities in Infant Mortality Rates," Working Papers 201574, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
- Cuñado, J. & Gil-Alana, L.A. & Perez de Gracia, F., 2012. "Testing for persistent deviations of stock prices to dividends in the Nasdaq index," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 391(20), pages 4675-4685.
- Christophe Andr頍 & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Rangan Gupta, 2014.
"Testing for persistence in housing price-to-income and price-to-rent ratios in 16 OECD countries,"
Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(18), pages 2127-2138, June.
- Christophe Andre & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Rangan Gupta, 2013. "Testing for Persistence in Housing Price-to-Income and Price-to-Rent Ratios in 16 OECD Countries," Working Papers 201321, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
- Aloy, Marcel & Boutahar, Mohamed & Gente, Karine & Péguin-Feissolle, Anne, 2011.
"Purchasing power parity and the long memory properties of real exchange rates: Does one size fit all?,"
Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 1279-1290, May.
- Marcel Aloy & Mohamed Boutahar & Karine Gente & Anne Peguin-Feissolle, 2011. "Purchasing power parity and the long memory properties of real exchange rates: does one size fit all?," Working Papers halshs-00559170, HAL.
- Anne Peguin-Feissolle & Gilles Dufrénot & Dominique Guegan, 2006.
"Changing-regime volatility : A fractionally integrated SETAR model,"
Working Papers
halshs-00410540, HAL.
- Gilles Dufrenot & Dominique Guegan & Anne Peguin-Feissolle, 2008. "Changing-regime volatility: A fractionally integrated SETAR model," Post-Print halshs-00185369, HAL.
- Gilles Dufrenot & Dominique Guegan & Anne Peguin-Feissolle, 2008. "Changing-regime volatility: A fractionally integrated SETAR model," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-00185369, HAL.
- Gilles Dufrenot & Dominique Guegan & Anne Peguin-Feissolle, 2008. "Changing-regime volatility: A fractionally integrated SETAR model," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-00185369, HAL.
- Boutahar, Mohamed & Mootamri, Imène & Péguin-Feissolle, Anne, 2009.
"A fractionally integrated exponential STAR model applied to the US real effective exchange rate,"
Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 335-341, March.
- Mohamed Boutahar & Imene Mootamri & Anne Peguin-Feissolle, 2008. "A fractionally integrated exponential STAR model applied to the US real effective exchange rate," Working Papers halshs-00340831, HAL.
- Imene Mootamri & Mohamed Boutahar & Anne Peguin-Feissolle, 2008. "A fractionally integrated exponential STAR model applied to the US real effective exchange rate," Post-Print halshs-00390134, HAL.
- Giorgio Canarella & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Rangan Gupta & Stephen M. Miller, 2020. "Modeling US historical time-series prices and inflation using alternative long-memory approaches," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 58(4), pages 1491-1511, April.
- Luis Alberiko Gil-Alaña & Juan C. Cuestas, 2012.
"A non-linear approach with long range dependence based on Chebyshev polynomials,"
NCID Working Papers
11/2012, Navarra Center for International Development, University of Navarra.
- Juan Carlos Cuestas & Luis A. Gil-Alana, 2012. "A Non-Linear Approach with Long Range Dependence Based on Chebyshev Polynomials," Working Papers 2012013, The University of Sheffield, Department of Economics.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & Juan Carlos Cuestas, 2012. "A Non-linear Approach with Long Range Dependence based on Chebyshev Polynomials," Faculty Working Papers 14/12, School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Navarra.
- Juan Carlos Cuestas & Luis A. Gil-Alana, 2013. "A non-linear approach with long range dependence based on Chebyshev polynomials," Working Papers 13-01, Asociación Española de Economía y Finanzas Internacionales.
- Marika Karanassou & Hector Sala & Dennis J. Snower, 2010.
"Phillips Curves And Unemployment Dynamics: A Critique And A Holistic Perspective,"
Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(1), pages 1-51, February.
- Karanassou, Marika & Sala, Hector & Snower, Dennis J., 2006. "Phillips Curves and Unemployment Dynamics: A Critique and a Holistic Perspective," IZA Discussion Papers 2265, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Marika Karanassou & Hector Sala & Dennis J. Snower, 2008. "Phillips Curves and Unemployment Dynamics: A Critique and a Holistic Perspective," Discussion Papers 2008-08, School of Economics, The University of New South Wales.
- Karanassou, Marika & Sala, Héctor & Snower, Dennis J., 2008. "Phillips Curves and unemployment dynamics: a critique and a holistic perspective," Kiel Working Papers 1441, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
- Marika Karanassou & Hector Sala & Dennis J. Snower, 2006. "Phillips Curves and Unemployment Dynamics: A Critique and a Holistic Perspective," Working Papers 573, Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
- Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana, 2024. "All Road User Casualties (Killed) in Great Britain from 1926. Linear and Nonlinear Trends with Persistent Data," Journal of Quantitative Economics, Springer;The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), vol. 22(3), pages 631-640, September.
- Nautz, Dieter & Scheithauer, Jan, 2011.
"Monetary policy implementation and overnight rate persistence,"
Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(7), pages 1375-1386.
- Nautz, Dieter & Scheithauer, Jan, 2009. "Monetary policy implementation and overnight rate persistence," SFB 649 Discussion Papers 2009-053, Humboldt University Berlin, Collaborative Research Center 649: Economic Risk.
- Nautz, Dieter & Scheithauer, Jan, 2010. "Monetary policy implementation and overnight rate persistence," Discussion Papers 2010/26, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
- OlaOluwa Simon Yaya & Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana, 2020.
"Modelling Long-Range Dependence and Non-linearity in the Infant Mortality Rates of African Countries,"
International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 26(3), pages 303-315, August.
- Yaya, OlaOluwa A & Gil-Alana, Luis A., 2018. "Modelling Long Range Dependence and Non-linearity in the Infant Mortality Rates of Africa Countries," MPRA Paper 88752, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Cuestas, Juan Carlos & Regis, Paulo José, 2013.
"Purchasing power parity in OECD countries: Nonlinear unit root tests revisited,"
Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 343-346.
- Juan Carlos Cuestas & Paulo José Regis, 2010. "Purchasing power parity in OECD countries: nonlinear unit root tests revisited," NBS Discussion Papers in Economics 2010/3, Economics, Nottingham Business School, Nottingham Trent University.
- Kurmaş Akdoğan, 2017.
"Unemployment hysteresis and structural change in Europe,"
Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 53(4), pages 1415-1440, December.
- Kurmaş Akdoğan, 2015. "Unemployment Hysteresis and Structural Change in Europe," EY International Congress on Economics II (EYC2015), November 5-6, 2015, Ankara, Turkey 266, Ekonomik Yaklasim Association.
- Kurmas Akdogan, 2016. "Unemployment Hysteresis and Structural Change in Europe," Working Papers 1618, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
- Ke, Shuyao & Phillips, Peter C.B. & Su, Liangjun, 2024. "Robust inference of panel data models with interactive fixed effects under long memory: A frequency domain approach," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 241(2).
- Stefano Puddu, 2013. "Real Sector and Banking System: Real and Feedback Effects. A Non-Linear VAR Approach," IRENE Working Papers 13-01, IRENE Institute of Economic Research.
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Yuliya Lovcha, 2016.
"Testing Unemployment Theories: A Multivariate Long Memory Approach,"
Journal of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(1), pages 95-112, May.
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Yuliya Lovcha, 2016. "Testing unemployment theories: A multivariate long memory approach," Journal of Applied Economics, Universidad del CEMA, vol. 19, pages 95-112, May.
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Yuliya Lovcha, 2013. "Testing Unemployment Theories: A Multivariate Long Memory Approach," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1345, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Yuliya Lovcha, 2014. "Testing Unemployment Theories: A Multivariate Long Memory Approach," CESifo Working Paper Series 4570, CESifo.
- Pérez-Alonso Alicia & Di Sanzo Silvestro, 2010.
"Unemployment and Hysteresis: A Nonlinear Unobserved Components Approach,"
Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 15(1), pages 1-29, December.
- Alicia Pérez Alon & Silvestro Di Sanzo, 2005. "Unemployment And Hysteresis: A Nonlinear Unobserved Components Approach," Working Papers. Serie AD 2005-34, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie).
- Petre CARAIANI, 2015. "Testing For Nonlinearity In Unemployment Rates Via Delay Vector Variance," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(1), pages 81-92, March.
- Congregado, Emilio & Garcia-Clemente, Javier & Rubino, Nicola & Vilchez, Inmaculada, 2023. "Testing hysteresis for the US and UK involuntary part-time employment," MPRA Paper 118115, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Rangan Gupta & Christophe André & Luis Gil-Alana, 2015.
"Comovement in Euro area housing prices: A fractional cointegration approach,"
Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 52(16), pages 3123-3143, December.
- Christophe Andre & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Rangan Gupta, 2013. "Comovement in Euro Area Housing Prices: A Fractional Cointegration Approach," Working Papers 201359, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
- Lee, Cheng-Feng & Hu, Te-Chung & Li, Ping-Cheng & Tsong, Ching-Chuan, 2013. "Asymmetric behavior of unemployment rates: Evidence from the quantile covariate unit root test," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 72-84.
- Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana & Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir & Aysit Tansel, 2019.
"Long Memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates,"
Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(1), pages 201-217, January.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir & Aysit Tansel, 2017. "Long Memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates," Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 1715, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
- Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Ozdemir, Zeynel Abidin & Tansel, Aysit, 2017. "Long memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates," MPRA Paper 81571, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir & Aysit Tansel, 2017. "Long Memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates," ERC Working Papers 1709, ERC - Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University, revised Sep 2017.
- Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Ozdemir, Zeynel Abidin & Tansel, Aysit, 2017. "Long Memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates," IZA Discussion Papers 11053, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Ozdemir, Zeynel Abidin & Tansel, Aysit, 2017. "Long memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates," GLO Discussion Paper Series 123, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
- Dritero Arifi & Hajdi Xhixha & Florin Aliu, 2023. "Testing Okun’s Law: Evidence From the Western Balkan Countries," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, November.
- Cuestas Juan Carlos & Gil-Alana Luis Alberiko, 2016. "Testing for long memory in the presence of non-linear deterministic trends with Chebyshev polynomials," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 20(1), pages 57-74, February.
- Burcu Kıran, 2012. "Nonlinearity and Fractional Integration in the US Dollar/Euro Exchange Rate," Panoeconomicus, Savez ekonomista Vojvodine, Novi Sad, Serbia, vol. 59(3), pages 325-334, June.
- Moses Kpughur Tule & Moses Onyema Oduh & Charles Chike Chiemeke & Obiageri Christiana Ndukwe, 2018. "An Assessment of the Severity of Unemployment in Nigeria: Evidence from Fractional Integration," Journal of African Business, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(1), pages 39-61, January.
- OlaOluwa S. Yaya & Ahamuefula E. Ogbonna & Robert Mudida, 2019.
"Hysteresis of unemployment rates in Africa: new findings from Fourier ADF test,"
Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 53(6), pages 2781-2795, November.
- Yaya, OlaOluwa S & Ogbonna, Ahamuefula & Mudida, Robert, 2019. "Hysteresis of Unemployment Rates in Africa: New Findings from Fourier ADF test," MPRA Paper 93939, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & OlaOluwa S. Yaya, 2021.
"Testing fractional unit roots with non-linear smooth break approximations using Fourier functions,"
Journal of Applied Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(13-15), pages 2542-2559, November.
- Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Yaya, OlaOluwa S, 2018. "Testing Fractional Unit Roots with Non-linear Smooth Break Approximations using Fourier functions," MPRA Paper 90516, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Yaya, OlaOluwa Simon & Gil-Alana, Luis Alberiko & Carcel, Hector, 2015. "Testing fractional persistence and non-linearities in the natural gas market: An application of non-linear deterministic terms based on Chebyshev polynomials in time," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(PA), pages 240-245.
- Jose Maria Fernandez-Crehuet & Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana & Cristina Martí Barco, 2020. "Unemployment and Fertility: A Long Run Relationship," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 152(3), pages 1177-1196, December.
- Cheng, Ka Ming, 2022. "Doubts on natural rate of unemployment: Evidence and policy implications," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 230-239.
- Giorgio Canarella & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Rangan Gupta & Stephen M. Miller, 2016.
"Modeling U.S. Historical Time-Series Prices and Inflation Using Various Linear and Nonlinear Long-Memory Approaches,"
Working Papers
201683, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
- Giorgio Canarella & Luis A. Gil-Alaña & Rangan Gupta & Stephen M. Miller, 2017. "Modeling U.S. Historical Time-Series Prices and Inflation Using Various Linear and Nonlinear Long-Memory Approaches," Working papers 2017-13, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics.
- Barros, Carlos Pestana & Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Payne, James E., 2011.
"An analysis of oil production by OPEC countries: Persistence, breaks, and outliers,"
Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 442-453, January.
- Carlos Pestana Barros & Luis A. Gil-Alana & James E. Payne, 2011. "An Analysis of Oil Production by OPEC Countries: Persistence, Breaks, and Outliers," Faculty Working Papers 01/11, School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Navarra.
- Marcel Aloy & Mohamed Boutahar & Karine Gente & Anne Péguin-feissolle, 2010.
"Fractional integration and cointegration in stock prices and exchange rates,"
Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 30(1), pages 115-129.
- Marcel Aloy & Mohamed Boutahar & Karine Gente & Anne Peguin-Feissolle, 2010. "Fractional integration and cointegration in stock prices and exchange rates," Working Papers halshs-00536140, HAL.
- Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana & Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir & Aysit Tansel, 2019.
"Long Memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates,"
Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,
Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(1), pages 201-217, January.
- Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Ozdemir, Zeynel Abidin & Tansel, Aysit, 2017. "Long memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates," MPRA Paper 81571, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir & Aysit Tansel, 2017. "Long memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates," Working Papers 2017/5, Turkish Economic Association.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir & Aysit Tansel, 2017. "Long Memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates," Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 1715, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir & Aysit Tansel, 2017. "Long Memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates," ERC Working Papers 1709, ERC - Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University, revised Sep 2017.
- Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Ozdemir, Zeynel Abidin & Tansel, Aysit, 2017. "Long Memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates," IZA Discussion Papers 11053, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Ozdemir, Zeynel Abidin & Tansel, Aysit, 2017. "Long memory in Turkish Unemployment Rates," GLO Discussion Paper Series 123, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Hector Carcel & Luis A. Gil-Alana, 2015. "Modelling African inflation rates: nonlinear deterministic terms and long-range dependence," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(5), pages 421-424, March.
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Pablo Vicente Trejo, 2021. "Unemployment Persistence in Europe: Evidence from the 27 EU Countries," CESifo Working Paper Series 9392, CESifo.
- Chang, Ming-Jen & Su, Che-Yi, 2014. "Hysteresis versus natural rate in Taiwan's unemployment: Evidence from the educational attainment categories," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 293-304.
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Luis Gil-Alana, 2018. "The asymmetric behaviour of spanish unemployment persistence," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 38(1), pages 98-104.
- Amaia Altuzarra, 2015. "Measuring Unemployment Persistence by Age and Gender," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(4), pages 110-133, December.
- Lee, Cheng-Feng, 2010. "Testing for unemployment hysteresis in nonlinear heterogeneous panels: International evidence," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 27(5), pages 1097-1102, September.
- Yoon, Gawon, 2009. "It's all the miners' fault: On the nonlinearity in U.S. unemployment rates," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 26(6), pages 1449-1454, November.
- Artiach, Miguel, 2012. "Leverage, skewness and amplitude asymmetric cycles," MPRA Paper 41267, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Marianna Oliskevych & Iryna Lukianenko, 2020. "European unemployment nonlinear dynamics over the business cycles: Markov switching approach," Global Business and Economics Review, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 22(4), pages 375-401.
- Monge, Manuel, 2021. "U.S. historical initial jobless claims. Is it different with the coronavirus crisis? A fractional integration analysis," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 88-95.
- David G. McMillan, 2010. "Level‐shifts and non‐linearity in US financial ratios," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 9(2), pages 189-207, May.
- Cevik, Emrah Ismail & Dibooglu, Sel, 2013. "Persistence and non-linearity in US unemployment: A regime-switching approach," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 61-68.
- Sami Saafi & Meriem Haj mohamed & Abdeljelil Farhat, 2015. "Is there a causal relationship between unemployment and informal economy in Tunisia: evidence from linear and non-linear Granger causality," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 35(2), pages 1191-1204.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & Goodness C. Aye & Rangan Gupta, 2012.
"Testing for Persistence with Breaks and Outliers in South African House Prices,"
Working Papers
201233, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
- Luis A. Gil-Alana & Goodness C. Aye & Rangan Gupta, 2012. "Testing for Persistence with Breaks and Outliers in South African House Prices," Faculty Working Papers 20/12, School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Navarra.
- Luis Alberiko Gil-Alaña & Goodness C. Aye & Rangan Gupta, 2013. "Testing for persistence with breaks and outliers in South African house prices," NCID Working Papers 01/2013, Navarra Center for International Development, University of Navarra.
- Cheung, Ying Lun, 2020. "Nonstationarity-extended Whittle estimation with discontinuity: A correction," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
- Aviral Tiwari, 2014. "Unemployment hysteresis in Australia: evidence using nonlinear and stationarity tests with breaks," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 48(2), pages 681-695, March.
- Chang, Tsangyao & Lee, Chia-Hao, 2011. "Hysteresis in Unemployment for G-7 Countries: Threshold Unit Root Test," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(4), pages 5-14, December.
- Ebuh U. Godday & Nuruddeen Usman & Afees A. Salisu, 2022. "Testing for unemployment persistence in Nigeria," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 55(4), pages 2605-2630, November.