IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/yor/hectdg/24-05.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Prioritizing investments in public healthcare to address the COVID-19 outbreak: Evidence from Europe and the South Caucasus

Author

Listed:
  • Perone, G.;

Abstract

This study investigated the association between public healthcare-related features, vaccination rates, and COVID-19 mortality rates in 44 European and South Caucasian nations. COVID-19 mortality rates were averaged for the period from 21 November 2021 to 4 December 2021, i.e., at the peak of the COVID-19 fourth wave. The cross-sectional analysis was performed with the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator, the spatial autoregressive (SAR) model, and the spatial error (SEM) model. Then, a cluster analysis was conducted to find homogeneous groupings of nations with increasing risk-factors for COVID-19 mortality. The findings revealed that public health expenditure, health personnel, pharmacists, universal health coverage (UHC), and COVID-19 vaccination rates were all significantly and negatively correlated with COVID-19 mortality rates, whereas out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP), and ordinary and intensive care unit (ICU) bed saturation were positively and significantly correlated with COVID-19 mortality rates. Cluster analysis revealed that Eastern European and South Caucasian countries with more decentralized and mostly private insurance-based healthcare systems had the highest risk-factors for COVID-19 mortality, whereas Nordic European countries with universal healthcare systems had the lowest. Thus, countries with publicly financed comprehensive healthcare systems proved to be more effective at lowering COVID-19 mortality rates while easing the burden on national healthcare. These policy recommendations may be beneficial in the event of future such shocks.

Suggested Citation

  • Perone, G.;, 2024. "Prioritizing investments in public healthcare to address the COVID-19 outbreak: Evidence from Europe and the South Caucasus," Health, Econometrics and Data Group (HEDG) Working Papers 24/05, HEDG, c/o Department of Economics, University of York.
    • Handle: RePEc:yor:hectdg:24/05
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.york.ac.uk/media/economics/documents/hedg/workingpapers/2024/2405.pdf
    File Function: Main text
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Karabulut, Gokhan & Zimmermann, Klaus F. & Bilgin, Mehmet Huseyin & Doker, Asli Cansin, 2021. "Democracy and COVID-19 outcomes," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    2. James P. LeSage & R. Kelley Pace, 2014. "The Biggest Myth in Spatial Econometrics," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 2(4), pages 1-33, December.
    3. Marynia Kolak & Luc Anselin, 2020. "A Spatial Perspective on the Econometrics of Program Evaluation," International Regional Science Review, , vol. 43(1-2), pages 128-153, January.
    4. John Wildman, 2021. "COVID-19 and income inequality in OECD countries," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 22(3), pages 455-462, April.
    5. MacKinnon, James G. & White, Halbert, 1985. "Some heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimators with improved finite sample properties," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 305-325, September.
    6. Breusch, T S & Pagan, A R, 1979. "A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 47(5), pages 1287-1294, September.
    7. Noha Sami Omar, 2019. "Innovation and economic performance in MENA region," Review of Economics and Political Science, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 4(2), pages 158-175, June.
    8. Guilhem Bascle, 2008. "Controlling for endogeneity with instrumental variables in strategic management research," Post-Print hal-00576795, HAL.
    9. Charrad, Malika & Ghazzali, Nadia & Boiteau, Véronique & Niknafs, Azam, 2014. "NbClust: An R Package for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 61(i06).
    10. Daniel McFadden, 1977. "Quantitative Methods for Analyzing Travel Behaviour of Individuals: Some Recent Developments," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 474, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Katarzyna Jabłońska, 2018. "Dealing With Heteroskedasticity Within The Modeling Of The Quality Of Life Of Older People," Statistics in Transition New Series, Polish Statistical Association, vol. 19(3), pages 423-452, September.
    2. Richard H. Spady & Sami Stouli, 2018. "Simultaneous Mean-Variance Regression," Bristol Economics Discussion Papers 18/697, School of Economics, University of Bristol, UK.
    3. Demidova, Olga, 2021. "Methods of spatial econometrics and evaluation of government programs effectiveness," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 64, pages 107-134.
    4. Russell Davidson & Victoria Zinde‐Walsh, 2017. "Advances in specification testing," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 50(5), pages 1595-1631, December.
    5. Dufour, Jean-Marie & Khalaf, Lynda & Bernard, Jean-Thomas & Genest, Ian, 2004. "Simulation-based finite-sample tests for heteroskedasticity and ARCH effects," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 122(2), pages 317-347, October.
    6. LE GALLO, Julie, 2000. "Econométrie spatiale 2 -Hétérogénéité spatiale," LATEC - Document de travail - Economie (1991-2003) 2001-01, LATEC, Laboratoire d'Analyse et des Techniques EConomiques, CNRS UMR 5118, Université de Bourgogne.
    7. Kubal, Jan & Kristoufek, Ladislav, 2022. "Exploring the relationship between Bitcoin price and network’s hashrate within endogenous system," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    8. Romano, Joseph P. & Wolf, Michael, 2017. "Resurrecting weighted least squares," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 197(1), pages 1-19.
    9. Kenneth W. Clements & H. Y. Izan & Yihui Lan, 2009. "A Stochastic Measure of International Competitiveness," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 9(1‐2), pages 51-81, March.
    10. Wood, Lincoln C. & Wang, Jason X. & Olesen, Karin & Reiners, Torsten, 2017. "The effect of slack, diversification, and time to recall on stock market reaction to toy recalls," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 244-258.
    11. Chau, K.W. & Davies, Stephen N.G. & Lai, Lawrence W.C. & Lennon, H.T. Choy, 2023. "Museums for ex situ tangible heritage conservation: A neo-institutional analytical and empirical economic analysis," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    12. Adrian Lüthge & Ulrich Pidun & Dodo zu Knyphausen-Aufseß, 2021. "Approximating relatedness from a business model perspective: towards a taxonomic approach," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 813-846, April.
    13. Ainaa, Carmen & Brunetti, Irene & Mussida, Chiara & Scicchitano, Sergio, 2021. "Who lost the most? Distributive effects of COVID-19 pandemic," GLO Discussion Paper Series 829, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    14. Julie Le Gallo, 2000. "Spatial econometrics (2, Spatial heterogeneity) [Econométrie spatiale (2, Hétérogénéité spatiale)]," Working Papers hal-01526969, HAL.
    15. Carmen Aina & Irene Brunetti & Chiara Mussida & Sergio Scicchitano, 2023. "Distributional effects of COVID-19," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 13(1), pages 221-256, March.
    16. repec:bla:ecorec:v:64:y:1988:i:185:p:81-101 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Nguyen Quan & Makoto Kakinaka & Koji Kotani, 2017. "How does urbanization affect energy and CO2 emission intensities in Vietnam? Evidence from province-level data," Working Papers SDES-2017-8, Kochi University of Technology, School of Economics and Management, revised Jun 2017.
    18. Bollerslev, Tim & Engle, Robert F. & Nelson, Daniel B., 1986. "Arch models," Handbook of Econometrics, in: R. F. Engle & D. McFadden (ed.), Handbook of Econometrics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 49, pages 2959-3038, Elsevier.
    19. Julien Vedani & Fabien Ramaharobandro, 2013. "Continuous compliance: a proxy-based monitoring framework," Papers 1309.7222, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2013.
    20. San Segundo, María Jesús, 1991. "Efectos bloque en la estimación de curvas de engel con datos de la encuesta de presupuestos familiares 1980-81," DE - Documentos de Trabajo. Economía. DE 3002, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía.
    21. Byron Quito & María de la Cruz del Río-Rama & Marta Peris-Ortiz & José Álvarez-García, 2024. "Spatial-Temporal Determinants of Income Inequality in the Cantons of Ecuador between 2010 and 2019: a Spatial Panel Econometric Analysis," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(2), pages 7744-7768, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    covid-19 mortality; public healthcare system; spatial analysis; cluster analysis; Europe;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H50 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - General
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • C21 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models
    • C38 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Classification Methdos; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Analysis

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:yor:hectdg:24/05. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Jane Rawlings (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/deyoruk.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.