IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/une/wpaper/42.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Modernizing the informal sector

Author

Listed:
  • Victor E. Tokman

Abstract

The multiplicity of policies proposed to support the informal sector reflects the lack of a common definition. Although they may produce positive effects, these are limited and fail to constitute a comprehensive strategic approach. The different interpretations in the absence of a common definition as well as the strategies emerging from them are reviewed. The identification of informality with illegality and labour precariousness, although conceptually related, is often misleading. Lastly, it explores a strategic option to regulate the informal sector, tracing the different approaches to formalizing informal activities, to facilitate their full integration into the modernization process.

Suggested Citation

  • Victor E. Tokman, 2007. "Modernizing the informal sector," Working Papers 42, United Nations, Department of Economics and Social Affairs.
  • Handle: RePEc:une:wpaper:42
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2007/wp42_2007.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tokman, Victor E., 1978. "An exploration into the nature of informal--formal sector relationships," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 6(9-10), pages 1065-1075.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Gutiérrez-Romero, Roxana, 2021. "Inequality, persistence of the informal economy, and club convergence," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    2. Antonio Andres & Carlyn Ramlogan-Dobson, 2011. "Is Corruption Really Bad for Inequality? Evidence from Latin America," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(7), pages 959-976.
    3. Gindling, T.H. & Newhouse, David, 2014. "Self-Employment in the Developing World," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 313-331.
    4. Stephen J. Anderson & Rajesh Chandy & Bilal Zia, 2018. "Pathways to Profits: The Impact of Marketing vs. Finance Skills on Business Performance," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 64(12), pages 5559-5583, December.
    5. Norbert Fiess & Marco Fugazza, 2008. "Trade Liberalisation and Informality: New stylized facts," Working Papers 2008_34, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
    6. Bolanle Wahab & Babatunde Agbola, 2017. "The place of informality and illegality in planning education in Nigeria," Planning Practice & Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(2), pages 212-225, March.
    7. Hussain M. Al Obaid, 2020. "Examining the motivation factors for individuals choosing self-employment: An assessment on Saudi labor market," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 9(5), pages 150-159, September.
    8. Maksimov, Vladislav & Wang, Stephanie Lu & Luo, Yadong, 2017. "Reducing poverty in the least developed countries: The role of small and medium enterprises," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 244-257.
    9. Meheri Tamanna & Md. Kamrul Hasan, 2015. "Life in a Megacity: Livelihood Strategies and Survival Mechanisms of Rickshaw Pullers in Dhaka City," Millennial Asia, , vol. 6(1), pages 44-60, April.
    10. David N Margolis, 2014. "By Choice and by Necessity: Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment in the Developing World," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 26(4), pages 419-436, September.
    11. Dumenu, William Kwadwo & Appiah, Louis Gyekye & Paul, Carola & Darr, Dietrich, 2023. "Should forest enterprises formalize? Insight from a multi-dimensional characterization of informal baobab enterprises," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    12. de Mel, Suresh & McKenzie, David & Woodruff, Christopher, 2008. "Who Are the Microenterprise Owners? Evidence from Sri Lanka on Tokman v. de Soto," IZA Discussion Papers 3511, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    13. Norbert Fiess & Marco Fugazza, 2012. "Informality and Openness to Trade: Insights from Cross-sectional and Panel Analyses," Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research, vol. 6(2), pages 235-275, May.
    14. Durdana Qaiser Gillani & Toseef Azid, 2017. "The informal Employment in Southern Punjab: An Empirical Evidence," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 6(3), pages 141-147, September.
    15. Sahoo, Bimal & Neog, Bhaskar Jyoti, 2015. "Heterogeneity and participation in Informal employment among non-cultivator workers in India," MPRA Paper 68136, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Lahiri, Bidisha & Daramola, Richard, 2023. "Effects of credit and labor constraints on microenterprises and the unintended impact of changes in household endowments: Use of threshold estimation to detect heterogeneity," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 21-38.
    17. Suresh de Mel & David McKenzie & Christopher Woodruff, 2010. "Who are the Microenterprise Owners? Evidence from Sri Lanka on Tokman versus De Soto," NBER Chapters, in: International Differences in Entrepreneurship, pages 63-87, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    18. Bill Gibson & Diane Flaherty, 2016. "Juridical and Functional Informality: From Theory to Practical Policy," Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research, vol. 10(4), pages 409-445, November.
    19. Bimal Kishore Sahoo & Bhaskar Jyoti Neog, 2017. "Heterogeneity and participation in informal employment among non-cultivator workers in India," International Review of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(4), pages 437-467, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Luebker, Malte., 2008. "Employment, unemployment and informality in Zimbabwe : concepts and data for coherent policy-making," ILO Working Papers 994206943402676, International Labour Organization.
    2. Mariano Bosch & William Maloney, 2006. "Gross Worker Flows in the Presence of Informal Labor Markets. The Mexican Experience 1987-2002," CEP Discussion Papers dp0753, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
    3. Pius B. Simon, 1998. "Informal Responses to Crises of Urban Employment: An Investigation into the Structure and Relevance of Small-scale Informal Retailing in Kaduna, Nigeria," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(6), pages 547-557, August.
    4. Mohamed Amara, 2016. "The linkages between formal and informal employment growth in Tunisia: a spatial simultaneous equations approach," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 56(1), pages 203-227, January.
    5. Lay, Jann & Wiebelt, Manfred, 2001. "Towards a dual education system - a labour market perspective on poverty reduction in Bolivia," Kiel Working Papers 1073, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    6. Tesfachew T., 1992. "Government policies and the urban informal sector in Africa," ILO Working Papers 992899183402676, International Labour Organization.
    7. Rosemary D. F. Bromley, 1998. "Market-place Trading and the Transformation of Retail Space in the Expanding Latin American City," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 35(8), pages 1311-1333, July.
    8. Cristóbal Kay, 1991. "Reflections on the Latin American Contribution to Development Theory," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 22(1), pages 31-68, January.
    9. Frances Stewart, 2018. "Revisiting the methodology of Myrdal in Asian Drama 50 years on," WIDER Working Paper Series 109, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    10. Imraan Valodia & Richard Devey, 2012. "The Informal Economy in South Africa: Debates, Issues and Policies," Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research, vol. 6(2), pages 133-157, May.
    11. Navarrete-Hernández, Pablo & Navarrete-Hernandez, Nicolas, 2018. "Unleashing waste-pickers potential: supporting recycling cooperatives in Santiago de Chile," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 85730, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    12. Ana Moreno-Monroy, 2012. "Critical Commentary. Informality in Space: Understanding Agglomeration Economies during Economic Development," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 49(10), pages 2019-2030, August.
    13. Martha Alter Chen, 2012. "The Informal Economy in Comparative Perspective," Chapters, in: James G. Carrier (ed.), A Handbook of Economic Anthropology, Second Edition, chapter 28, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    14. Eckhard Siggel, 2010. "The Indian informal sector: The impact of globalization and reform," International Labour Review, International Labour Organization, vol. 149(1), pages 93-105, March.
    15. Ana Moreno-Monroy & Janneke Pieters & Abdul Erumban, 2014. "Formal sector subcontracting and informal sector employment in Indian manufacturing," IZA Journal of Labor & Development, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 3(1), pages 1-17, December.
    16. repec:ilo:ilowps:413500 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Beladi, Hamid & Dutta, Meghna & Kar, Saibal, 2016. "FDI and Business Internationalization of the Unorganized Sector: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 340-349.
    18. Gindling,T. H. & Mossaad,Nadwa & Newhouse,David Locke, 2016. "Earnings premiums and penalties for self-employment and informal employees around the world," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7530, The World Bank.
    19. Ted A. Henken, 2005. "Entrepreneurship, Informality, and the Second Economy: Cuba's Underground Economy in Comparative Perspective," Annual Proceedings, The Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, vol. 15.
    20. Gasmi, Farid & Kouakou, Dorgyles & Sanni, Maruf, 2022. "The effect of firm informality on sustainable and responsible innovation in developing countries: Evidence from Nigeria," TSE Working Papers 22-1368, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
    21. N Fiess & M Fugazza & WF Maloney, 2006. "Informal Labor Markets and Macroeconomic Fluctuations," Working Papers 2006_17, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    informal sector; regulation and informality;

    JEL classification:

    • O17 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
    • J48 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets - - - Particular Labor Markets; Public Policy
    • D39 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Other

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:une:wpaper:42. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Aimee Gao (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/desunus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.