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The complementarity of community-based water and sanitation interventions: evidence from Mozambique

Author

Listed:
  • Melinda Vigh

    (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)

  • Chris Elbers

    (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)

  • Jan Willem Gunning

    (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)

Abstract

We use data on a large-scale water and sanitation program in rural Mozambique, implemented between 2008 and 2013, to investigate the complementarities between a behavior-change-based community-led total sanitation intervention and a community water supply intervention. Our findings indicate that the sanitation intervention increased the adoption of handwashing with soap or ash by 11 percentage points, latrine ownership and use by 8 percentage points, and the use of improved water points by 15 percentage points (conditional on access). Combining the water supply and sanitation interventions increased the treatment effects on all three outcomes. However, we find that the effect on toilet ownership was in large part driven by the selective intervention allocation of the implementing NGOs. These effects are measured up to 4 years after the intervention.

Suggested Citation

  • Melinda Vigh & Chris Elbers & Jan Willem Gunning, 2019. "The complementarity of community-based water and sanitation interventions: evidence from Mozambique," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 20-017/V, Tinbergen Institute.
    • Handle: RePEc:tin:wpaper:20200017
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chris Elbers & Jan Willem Gunning, 2014. "Evaluation of Development Programs: Randomized Controlled Trials or Regressions?," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 28(3), pages 432-445.
    2. Hugh Waddington & Birte Snilstveit, 2009. "Effectiveness and sustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in combating diarrhoea," Journal of Development Effectiveness, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 1(3), pages 295-335.
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    4. Melinda Vigh & Chris Elbers, 2017. "Picking Winners: Measuring the Effectiveness of Selectively Placed Policy Interventions," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 17-110/V, Tinbergen Institute.
    5. Michael Kremer & Jessica Leino & Edward Miguel & Alix Peterson Zwane, 2011. "Spring Cleaning: Rural Water Impacts, Valuation, and Property Rights Institutions," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 126(1), pages 145-205.
    6. Paul Gertler & Manisha Shah & Maria Laura Alzua & Lisa Cameron & Sebastian Martinez & Sumeet Patil, 2015. "How Does Health Promotion Work? Evidence From The Dirty Business of Eliminating Open Defecation," NBER Working Papers 20997, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    7. Cameron, Lisa & Olivia, Susan & Shah, Manisha, 2019. "Scaling up sanitation: Evidence from an RCT in Indonesia," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 1-16.
    8. Wooldridge, Jeffrey M., 2019. "Correlated random effects models with unbalanced panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 211(1), pages 137-150.
    9. Esther Duflo & Michael Greenstone & Raymond Guiteras & Thomas Clasen, 2015. "Toilets Can Work: Short and Medium Run Health Impacts of Addressing Complementarities and Externalities in Water and Sanitation," NBER Working Papers 21521, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    10. Riju Joshi & Jeffrey M. Wooldridge, 2019. "Correlated Random Effects Models with Endogenous Explanatory Variables and Unbalanced Panels," Annals of Economics and Statistics, GENES, issue 134, pages 243-268.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    impact evaluation; sanitation; WASH; CLTS; correlated random effects;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D04 - Microeconomics - - General - - - Microeconomic Policy: Formulation; Implementation; Evaluation
    • I15 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Economic Development
    • O12 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

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