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Toxicity and Profitability of Rice Cultivation under Waste-Water Irrigation: The Case of the East Calcutta Wetlands

Author

Listed:
  • Vivekan
  • a Mukherjee
  • Gautam Gupta

Abstract

The paper reports the results of an empirical study on the profitability of rice cultivation in the East Calcutta Wetlands region where untreated sewage water from the city of Calcutta, India, is used for the purpose of irrigation during the winter/summer crop. The results show that plots using wastewater containing organic nutrients earn higher profits than those using groundwater. However, we also find the profitability of plots using wastewater negatively affected by the presence of heavy metals such as Chromium, Lead and Mercury that are found in the water and soil. Of the two opposing effects of wastewater irrigation, the positive effects of organic nutrients outweigh the negative effects of heavy metal toxicity. These results support both efforts to conserve the Wetlands, which will generate a number of ecological benefits, as well as to regulate the discharge of heavy metals into the water from households and industries that are located upstream in the city of Kolkata.

Suggested Citation

  • Vivekan & a Mukherjee & Gautam Gupta, "undated". "Toxicity and Profitability of Rice Cultivation under Waste-Water Irrigation: The Case of the East Calcutta Wetlands," Working papers 62, The South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics.
    • Handle: RePEc:snd:wpaper:62
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Arnade, Carlos Anthony & Trueblood, Michael A., 2002. "Estimating A Profit Function In The Presence Of Inefficiency: An Application To Russian Agriculture," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 27(1), pages 1-20, July.
    2. Jeffrey Vincent, "undated". "The Environment as a Production Input: A Tutorial," Working papers 3, The South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics.
    3. Ligon, Ethan & Narain, Urvashi, 1999. "Government Management of Village Commons: Comparing Two Forest Policies," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 272-289, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Balasubramanya, Soumya, 2024. "Rationalizing groundwater use in agriculture in South Asia: the role of technology," IAAE 2024 Conference, August 2-7, 2024, New Delhi, India 344327, International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Profitability; Rice cultivation; Waste-water irrigation; Toxicity; Heavy metal pollution.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Q13 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
    • Q15 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment
    • Q53 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling

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