Urbanization and Economic Development: A Tale of Two Barriers

In this paper we determine the main driving forces underlying the rapid structural transformation and urbanization process in newly industrialized countries. We use a dynamic, small open economy model with an abundant supply of surplus labor in rural areas, two types of traded goods manufactured in urban areas, and barriers to both trade and migration. The model is supplemented with quantitative analysis using Chinese data. There we focus on determining the role that reductions in trade and migration barriers played in China's growth and urbanization. We find that the primary drivers for real per capita GDP growth are migration cost reduction and skill accumulation. While trade liberalization is important for urbanization during the transition toward China's admission to the WTO (particularly for the employment measure), it does not contribute much to real per capita GDP growth relative to other major changes throughout the development process in China. During this transition process, migration cost reduction and TFP changes are both important, accounting for a significant proportion of increased urbanization.