IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/37339.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

The determinants of dividend policy in Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Ahmed, Hafeez
  • Javid, Attiya Yasmin

Abstract

This study examines the dynamics and determinants of dividend payout policy of 320 non-financial firms listed in Karachi Stock Exchange during the period of 2001 to 2006. For the analysis we use dividend model of Lintner (1956) and its extended versions in dynamic setting. The results consistently support that Pakistani listed non-financial firms rely on both current earning per share and past dividend per share to set their dividend payments. However, the dividend tends to be more sensitive to current earnings than prior dividends. The listed non-financial firms having the high speed of adjustment and low target payout ratio show the instability in smoothing their dividend payments. To find out the determinants of dividend payout policy dynamic panel regression has been performed. It is found that the profitable firms with more stable net earnings can afford larger free cash flows and therefore pay larger dividends. Furthermore the ownership concentration and market liquidity have the positive impact on dividend payout policy. Besides, the investment opportunities and leverage have the negative impact on dividend payout policy. The market capitalization and size of the firms have the negative impact on dividend payout policy which shows that the firms prefer to invest in their assets rather than pay dividends to their shareholders.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmed, Hafeez & Javid, Attiya Yasmin, 2008. "The determinants of dividend policy in Pakistan," MPRA Paper 37339, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:37339
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/37339/1/MPRA_paper_37339.pdf
    File Function: original version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Eugene F. Fama & Kenneth R. French, 2001. "Disappearing Dividends: Changing Firm Characteristics Or Lower Propensity To Pay?," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 14(1), pages 67-79, March.
    2. Jensen, Michael C, 1986. "Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 76(2), pages 323-329, May.
    3. DeAngelo, Harry & DeAngelo, Linda & Stulz, Rene M., 2006. "Dividend policy and the earned/contributed capital mix: a test of the life-cycle theory," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(2), pages 227-254, August.
    4. M. J. Gordon, 1963. "Optimal Investment And Financing Policy," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 18(2), pages 264-272, May.
    5. Malcolm Baker & Jeffrey Wurgler, 2003. "A Catering Theory of Dividends," NBER Working Papers 9542, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    6. Easterbrook, Frank H, 1984. "Two Agency-Cost Explanations of Dividends," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 74(4), pages 650-659, September.
    7. Sudipto Bhattacharya, 1979. "Imperfect Information, Dividend Policy, and "The Bird in the Hand" Fallacy," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 10(1), pages 259-270, Spring.
    8. DeAngelo, Harry & DeAngelo, Linda & Skinner, Douglas J., 2004. "Are dividends disappearing? Dividend concentration and the consolidation of earnings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(3), pages 425-456, June.
    9. Nickell, Stephen J, 1981. "Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 49(6), pages 1417-1426, November.
    10. Varouj Aivazian & Laurence Booth & Sean Cleary, 2003. "Do Emerging Market Firms Follow Different Dividend Policies From U.S. Firms?," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 26(3), pages 371-387, September.
    11. Manuel Arellano & Stephen Bond, 1991. "Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 58(2), pages 277-297.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zaman, Delfian Rian, 2018. "Effect of Financial Performance on Dividend Policy in Manufacturing Companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange," MPRA Paper 84687, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Mian Sajid Nazir & Muhammad Musarrat Nawaz, 2012. "Corporate Payout Policy and Market Capitalization: Evidence from Pakistan," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 4(6), pages 331-343.
    3. Zouhair Boumlik & Badia Oulhadj & Olivier Colot, 2023. "The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Corporate Dividend Policy of Moroccan Listed Firms," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-17, July.
    4. Huma Fatima & Abdul Haque & Muhammad Usman, 2020. "Is there any association between real earnings management and crash risk of stock price during uncertainty? An evidence from family-owned firms in an emerging economy," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 6(1), pages 1-12, December.
    5. Nabaraj Adhikari, Ph.D., 2015. "Determinants of Corporate Dividend Payout in Nepal," NRB Economic Review, Nepal Rastra Bank, Research Department, vol. 27(2), pages 1-22, October.
    6. Eliasu Nuhu & Abubakar Musah & Damankah Basil Senyo, 2014. "Determinants of Dividend Payout of Financial Firms and Non-Financial Firms in Ghana," International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, vol. 4(3), pages 109-118, July.
    7. Faruk Bostanci & Eyup Kadioglu & Guven Sayilgan, 2018. "Determinants of Dividend Payout Decisions: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis of Turkish Stock Market," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-16, November.
    8. Kartal Demirg ne, 2015. "Determinants of Target Dividend Payout Ratio: A Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag Analysis," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 5(2), pages 418-426.
    9. Ruqia Shaikh & Guo Fei & Muhammad Shaique & Muhammad Rizwan Nazir, 2019. "Control-Enhancing Mechanisms and Earnings Management: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-23, August.
    10. Yakubu, Ibrahim Nandom, 2019. "The Effect of Working Capital Management on Dividend Policy: An Empirical Analysis of Listed Firms in Ghana," MPRA Paper 95318, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Mubashir Ali Khan & Fareeha Abbasi & Muhammad Azeem Ahmad & Imran Arshad, 2020. "What Determines A Dividend Policy Of Listed Non-Financial Firms Of Pakistan," IBT Journal of Business Studies (JBS), Ilma University, Faculty of Management Science, vol. 16(2), pages 103-121.
    12. Stela JAKOVA, 2017. "Impact of Dividend Taxation Changing on Dividend Policy of Romanian Companies Listed on Stock Market," Romanian Statistical Review, Romanian Statistical Review, vol. 65(3), pages 81-92, September.
    13. Fernau, Erik & Hirsch, Stefan, 2019. "What drives dividend smoothing? A meta regression analysis of the Lintner model," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 255-273.
    14. Hussain Tahir & Ridzuan Masri & Mahfuzur Rahman, 2020. "Determinants of Dividend Pay-Out Policy of Listed Non-financial Firms in Malaysia," International Journal of Financial Research, International Journal of Financial Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 11(2), pages 68-76, April.
    15. Imran, Kashif & Usman, Muhammad & Nishat, Muhammad, 2013. "Banks dividend policy: Evidence from Pakistan," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 88-90.
    16. Raheel Gohar & Mohammed Shahwar Alam, 2018. "Determinants and Behavior of Dividend Policy in Pakistani Listed Companies," Journal of Finance and Investment Analysis, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 7(3), pages 1-1.
    17. Nwidobie Barine Michael, 2013. "Agency Conflict and Corporate Dividend Policy Decisions in Nigeria," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 3(8), pages 1110-1121, August.
    18. Okun O. Omokhudu & Ohidoa Toluwa, 2018. "Agency Cost and Dividend Policy in Nigerian NonFinancial Quoted Firms," International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, vol. 8(4), pages 325-350, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ahmed, Hafeez & Javid, Attiya Yasmin, 2008. "Dynamics and determinants of dividend policy in Pakistan (evidence from Karachi stock exchange non-financial listed firms)," MPRA Paper 37342, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Maria Elisabete Duante Neves, 2017. "Payout and Firm's Catering," International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), vol. 0(4), pages 104-132.
    3. repec:ers:journl:v:v:y:2017:i:4:p:104-132 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Basharat Khan & Qiujun Zhao & Amjad Iqbal & Irfan Ullah & Shahab Aziz, 2022. "Internal Dynamics of Dividend Policy in East-Asia: A Comparative Study of Japan and South Korea," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(2), pages 21582440221, April.
    5. Szilagyi, P.G., 2007. "Corporate governance and the agency costs of debt and outside equity," Other publications TiSEM 9520d40a-224f-43a8-9bf9-b, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    6. Hussein Abedi Shamsabadi & Byung-Seong Min & Richard Chung, 2016. "Corporate governance and dividend strategy: lessons from Australia," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 12(5), pages 583-610, October.
    7. Enrico Onali, 2014. "Moral Hazard, Dividends, and Risk in Banks," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(1-2), pages 128-155, January.
    8. Amin, Abu S. & Dutta, Shantanu & Saadi, Samir & Vora, Premal P., 2015. "Institutional shareholding and information content of dividend surprises: Re-examining the dynamics in dividend-reappearance era," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 152-170.
    9. Booth, Laurence & Zhou, Jun, 2017. "Dividend policy: A selective review of results from around the world," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 1-15.
    10. Chacko Jacob & Jijo Lukose P.J., 2018. "Institutional Ownership and Dividend Payout in Emerging Markets: Evidence from India," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 17(1_suppl), pages 54-82, April.
    11. Darakhshan Younis & Attiya Yasmin Javid, 2014. "Market Imperfections and Dividend Policy Decisions of Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan," PIDE-Working Papers 2014:99, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    12. Jeffrey J. Coulton & Caitlin Ruddock, 2011. "Corporate payout policy in Australia and a test of the life‐cycle theory," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 51(2), pages 381-407, June.
    13. Faruk Bostanci & Eyup Kadioglu & Guven Sayilgan, 2018. "Determinants of Dividend Payout Decisions: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis of Turkish Stock Market," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-16, November.
    14. Brawn, Derek A. & Šević, Aleksandar, 2018. "“Firm size matters: Industry sector, firm age and volatility do too in determining which publicly-listed US firms pay a dividend”," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 132-152.
    15. Nishant B. Labhane & Jitendra Mahakud, 2016. "Determinants of Dividend Policy of Indian Companies," Paradigm, , vol. 20(1), pages 36-55, June.
    16. Ijaz Ali & Ali Gohar & Omar Meharzi, 2017. "Why do Firms Change Their Dividend Policy?," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 7(3), pages 411-422.
    17. Geetanjali Pinto & Shailesh Rastogi, 2019. "Sectoral Analysis of Factors Influencing Dividend Policy: Case of an Emerging Financial Market," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-18, June.
    18. Grey, Colette & Flynn, Antoinette & Donnelly, Ray, 2020. "Management compensation contracts and distribution policies in the US technology sector," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    19. Brav, Alon & Graham, John R. & Harvey, Campbell R. & Michaely, Roni, 2005. "Payout policy in the 21st century," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(3), pages 483-527, September.
    20. Schmid, Thomas & Ampenberger, Markus & Kaserer, Christoph & Achleitner, Ann-Kristin, 2010. "Controlling shareholders and payout policy: do founding families have a special 'taste for dividends'?," CEFS Working Paper Series 2010-01, Technische Universität München (TUM), Center for Entrepreneurial and Financial Studies (CEFS).
    21. Adra, Samer & Gao, Yang & Huang, Jin & Yuan, Jiayi, 2023. "Geopolitical risk and corporate payout policy," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Dividend policy; partial adjustment model; dividend dynamics; target payout; Dynamics panel data;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G2 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services
    • A1 - General Economics and Teaching - - General Economics
    • G0 - Financial Economics - - General
    • G00 - Financial Economics - - General - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:37339. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joachim Winter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfmunde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.