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Do Parking Requirements Significantly Increase The Area Dedicated To Parking? A Test Of The Effect Of Parking Requirements Values In Los Angeles County

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  • Franco, Sofia
  • Cutter, Bowman
  • DeWoody, Autumn

Abstract

Minimum parking requirements are the norm for urban and suburban development in the United States (Davidson and Dolnick (2002)). The justification for parking space requirements is that overflow parking will occupy nearby street or off-street parking. Shoup (1999) and Willson (1995) provides cases where there is reason to believe that parking space requirements have forced parcel developers to place more parking than they would in the absence of parking requirements. If the effect of parking minimums is to significantly increase the land area devoted to parking, then the increase in impervious surfaces would likely cause water quality degradation, increased flooding, and decreased groundwater recharge. However, to our knowledge the existing literature does not test the effect of parking minimums on the amount of lot space devoted to parking beyond a few case studies. This paper tests the hypothesis that parking space requirements cause an oversupply of parking by examining the implicit marginal value of land allocated to parking spaces. This is an indirect test of the effects of parking requirements that is similar to Glaeser and Gyourko (2003). A simple theoretical model shows that the marginal value of additional parking to the sale price should be equal to the cost of land plus the cost of parking construction. We estimate the marginal values of parking and lot area with spatial methods using a large data set from the Los Angeles area non-residential property sales and find that for most of the property types the marginal value of parking is significantly below that of the parcel area. This evidence supports the contention that minimum parking requirements significantly increase the amount of parcel area devoted to parking.

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  • Franco, Sofia & Cutter, Bowman & DeWoody, Autumn, 2010. "Do Parking Requirements Significantly Increase The Area Dedicated To Parking? A Test Of The Effect Of Parking Requirements Values In Los Angeles County," MPRA Paper 20403, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:20403
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    1. Jos Van Ommeren & Derk Wentink, 2012. "The (Hidden) Cost Of Employer Parking Policies," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 53(3), pages 965-978, August.
    2. Clifford Winston, 2013. "On the Performance of the U.S. Transportation System: Caution Ahead," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 51(3), pages 773-824, September.
    3. Arnott, Richard & Rowse, John, 2013. "Curbside parking time limits," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 89-110.
    4. Tscharaktschiew, Stefan & Reimann, Felix, 2021. "On employer-paid parking and parking (cash-out) policy: A formal synthesis of different perspectives," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 499-516.
    5. Kevin Hasker & Eren Inci, 2014. "Free Parking For All In Shopping Malls," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 55(4), pages 1281-1304, November.
    6. Arnott, Richard & Inci, Eren & Rowse, John, 2015. "Downtown curbside parking capacity," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 83-97.
    7. Brueckner, Jan K. & Leather, David & Zerecero, Miguel, 2024. "Bunching in real-estate markets: Regulated building heights in New York City," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    8. Sofia F. Franco, 2015. "Downtown parking supply, work-trip mode choice and urban spatial structure," Nova SBE Working Paper Series wp598, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics.
    9. van Ommeren, Jos & de Groote, Jesper & Mingardo, Giuliano, 2014. "Residential parking permits and parking supply," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 33-44.
    10. Sofia F. Franco & W. Bowman Cutter, 2016. "The determinants of non-residential real estate values with special reference to local environmental goods," Nova SBE Working Paper Series wp603, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics.
    11. Pons-Rigat, Aleix & Proost, Stef & Turró, Mateu, 2020. "Workplace parking policies in an agglomeration: An illustration for Barcelona," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 24(C).
    12. Franco, Sofia F., 2017. "Downtown parking supply, work-trip mode choice and urban spatial structure," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 107-122.
    13. Franco, Sofia & Cutter, W. & Lewis, Skyler, 2020. "The Shadow Cost of Parking Minimums: Evidence from Los Angeles County," Economics Department, Working Paper Series 1014, Economics Department, Pomona College, revised 12 Aug 2020.
    14. Jan K. Brueckner & Sofia F. Franco, 2017. "Parking and Urban Form," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 17(1), pages 95-127.
    15. Qian Liu & Mingjian Zhu & Zuopeng Xiao, 2019. "Workplace Parking Provision and Built Environments: Improving Context-Specific Parking Standards Towards Sustainable Transport," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-23, February.
    16. Inci, Eren, 2015. "A review of the economics of parking," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 50-63.

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    Keywords

    Minimum Parking Requirements; Land Use; Externalities;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • R52 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Regional Government Analysis - - - Land Use and Other Regulations
    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies

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