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Impact of financial inclusion on economic growth in secular and religious countries

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  • Ozili, Peterson K
  • Lay, Sok Heng
  • Syed, Aamir

Abstract

Empirical research on the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth has neglected the influence of religion or secularism. We investigate the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth in religious and secular countries. The financial inclusion indicators are the number of ATMs per 100,000 adults and the number of bank branches per 100,000 adults. The findings reveal that bank branch contraction significantly increases economic growth in secular countries. Bank branch expansion combined with greater internet usage increases economic growth in secular countries while high ATM supply combined with greater internet usage decreases economic growth in secular countries. We also find that bank branch expansion, in the midst of a widening poverty gap, significantly increases economic growth in religious countries, implying that financial inclusion through bank branch expansion is effective in promoting economic growth in poor religious countries. It was also found that internet usage is a strong determinant of economic growth in secular countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Ozili, Peterson K & Lay, Sok Heng & Syed, Aamir, 2023. "Impact of financial inclusion on economic growth in secular and religious countries," MPRA Paper 116413, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:116413
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    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/116413/1/MPRA_paper_116413.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Allen, Franklin & Demirguc-Kunt, Asli & Klapper, Leora & Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad, 2016. "The foundations of financial inclusion: Understanding ownership and use of formal accounts," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 1-30.
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    3. Hassnian Ali & Rose Abdullah, 2020. "Fintech and Financial Inclusion in Pakistan: An Exploratory Study," Palgrave Studies in Islamic Banking, Finance and Economics, in: Abdelrahman Elzahi Saaid Ali & Khalifa Mohamed Ali & Muhammad Khaleequzzaman (ed.), Enhancing Financial Inclusion through Islamic Finance, Volume I, chapter 0, pages 159-192, Palgrave Macmillan.
    4. Sami Ben Naceur & Adolfo Barajas & Alexander Massara, 2017. "Can Islamic banking increase financial inclusion?," Chapters, in: M. Kabir Hassan (ed.), Handbook of Empirical Research on Islam and Economic Life, chapter 9, pages 213-252, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    5. Ang, Andrew & Piazzesi, Monika & Wei, Min, 2006. "What does the yield curve tell us about GDP growth?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 131(1-2), pages 359-403.
    6. Beck, Thorsten & Ongena, Steven & Şendeniz-Yüncü, İlkay, 2019. "Keep walking? Geographical proximity, religion, and relationship banking," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 49-68.
    7. Mohammad Mahbubi Ali & Abrista Devi & Hafas Furqani & Hamzah Hamzah, 2020. "Islamic financial inclusion determinants in Indonesia: an ANP approach," International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 13(4), pages 727-747, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. João Jungo, 2024. "Institutions and economic growth: the role of financial inclusion, public spending on education and the military," Review of Economics and Political Science, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 9(3), pages 298-315, April.
    2. Tian, Lulu & Yan, Wenying & Xu, Baochang & Hasnaoui, Amir, 2024. "Beyond the resource curse: The multifaceted impact of mineral resources, financial systems, and workforce competence," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    3. Admasu A. Maruta & Habtamu T. Edjigu & Woubet Kassa, 2023. "Does financial inclusion empower women in Africa?," Economic Notes, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, vol. 52(3), November.
    4. Syed Aamir Aijaz & Grima Simon & Sood Kiran, 2024. "Assessing the Role of the Fintech Era on the Banking Stability of an Emerging Economy: Interaction Analysis of the Indian Banking Industry," Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, Sciendo, vol. 24(1), pages 182-202.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    financial inclusion; economic growth; ATMs per 100; 000 adults; bank branches per 100; 000 adults; poverty; internet usage; access of finance; religion; religious countries; secular countries.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E32 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
    • E51 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

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