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Examination of the Status of Financial Inclusion and Its Determinants in Tanzania

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  • Josephat Lotto

    (Department of Accounting and Finance, The Institute of Finance Management, Dar Es Salaam 11101, Tanzania)

Abstract

The primary motive of this paper is to examine the determinants of financial inclusion in Tanzania. The paper borrows data from a household survey conducted by TWAWEZA. Employing the probit regression, the findings of this paper reveal that gender, education, age and income are the pertinent factors which affect the financial inclusion in Tanzania. The paper further shows the following: First, if you are a man, financially stable, have a good education and are relatively older, you then stand better chances of being financially included. The results show that, as the level of education increases, the individual is more likely to be financially included. The possible reason for this observation may be clearly linked with the financial ability of educated individuals to afford holding bank accounts and presenting personal guarantees when required by the banks during loan application because the level of education goes parallel with the income level. In addition, the results confirm a gender gap in formal financial inclusion, and this may be due to the factors such as inability of women to show collateral, their poor financial education awareness and lower business experience. Second, the paper also shows that the factors which affect traditional banking services are the same as those affecting mobile banking services (gender, age, income and education), and that there is a negative trend and a clear departure of customers’ usage from banking retail services to mobile financial services. Although this gap has been narrowed recently, the best option with the banking sector is to create more new delivery channels while using mobile financial services as an infrastructure to deepen financial access reaching more un-banked population. The paper, therefore, recommends banks to create more delivery channels while using mobile telecommunication network as an infrastructure to deepen financial access reaching more unbanked people rather than competing with mobile network operators. The findings of this paper may also be used as a wake-up call for policy makers to put more emphasis on women and young people who are often left behind during Government’s effort toward reaching the entire population as far as financial inclusion is concerned.

Suggested Citation

  • Josephat Lotto, 2018. "Examination of the Status of Financial Inclusion and Its Determinants in Tanzania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-15, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:8:p:2873-:d:163490
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    6. Josephat Lotto, 2022. "Understanding financial inclusion in East Africa: How does Tanzania compare?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(1), pages 1075-1084, January.
    7. Wilberforce Witts & Severine Kessy, 2023. "Demographics as Moderator Between Perceived Easy of Use, Individual Awareness and Adoption of Mobile Financial Services," International Journal of Business and Management, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 16(12), pages 1-53, February.
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    10. NGONYANI, Danstun, 2022. "Financial Inclusion In Developing Countries. A Review Of The Literature On The Costs And Implications," Studii Financiare (Financial Studies), Centre of Financial and Monetary Research "Victor Slavescu", vol. 26(1), pages 54-77, March.
    11. Rajesh Barik & Sanjaya Kumar Lenka, 2022. "Demand-Side and Supply-Side Determinants of Financial Inclusion in Indian States: Evidence from Post-Liberalization Period," Emerging Economy Studies, International Management Institute, vol. 8(1), pages 7-25, May.
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