IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/112139.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Are childhood immunisation rates associated with per capita income? Empirical evidence from 95 countries

Author

Listed:
  • Cantarero-Prieto, David
  • Pascual-Sáez, Marta
  • Lanza-León, Paloma

Abstract

Vaccination is a relevant prevention measure as a health strategy as it improves population’s health and well-being. This paper examines the relationship between trends in childhood vaccination coverage and per capita income from 2000 to 2020 and, specifically, the existence of convergence between them. We analyse data from two sources. On the one hand, we use per capita income data according to the World Bank classification (low-, lower-middle, upper-middle and high-income countries). On the other hand, we use data from the World Health Organization to analyse eight vaccines (the first dose of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG); the first and the third dose of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DTP1 and DTP3); the third dose of Hepatitis B (HEPB3); the first and the second dose of Measles-Containing (MCV1 and MCV2); the third dose of Polio (Pol3); and the Tetanus Toxoid (TT2)). We perform a fixed effects model to obtain the correlation between trends in coverage of the 8 vaccines mentioned and income across 95 countries during the first 20 years of the 21st century. Additionally, we follow the Barro and Sala-i-Martín approach to identify conditioned convergence. The study includes 95 countries and eight vaccines. Our findings show a positive correlation for almost all vaccines (BCG: 0.0014, p=0.0006; DTP1: 0.0012, p=0.0006; DTP3: 0.0002, p=0.0009; HepB3: 0.0037, p=0.0011; MCV1: 0.0022, p=0.0010; MCV2: -0.0062, p=0.0044; Pol3: 0.0001, p=0.0010; TT2: 0.0052, p=0.0009). Looking at conditioned convergence, the positive coefficient of the delayed dependent variable implies conditioned convergence for all vaccines (BCG: -0.1145, p=0.0073; DTP1: -0.1105, p=0.00789; DTP3: -0.1097, p=0.0070; HepB3: -0.1184, p=0.0087; MCV1: -0.1115, p=0.0075; MCV2: -0.1376, p=0.0123; Pol3: -0.1089, p=0.0070; TT2: -0.1158, p=0.0131). Hence, even if countries differ in their socioeconomic characteristics, they converge to different steady state. This paper provides new empirical evidence on both the relationship of immunisation coverage rates and per capita income. Our findings may have significant implications for health policies because socio-economic status indicators have a notable impact on immunisation rates.

Suggested Citation

  • Cantarero-Prieto, David & Pascual-Sáez, Marta & Lanza-León, Paloma, 2022. "Are childhood immunisation rates associated with per capita income? Empirical evidence from 95 countries," MPRA Paper 112139, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:112139
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/112139/1/MPRA_paper_112139.pdf
    File Function: original version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Robert J. Barro, 2012. "Convergence and Modernization Revisited," NBER Working Papers 18295, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mahmoud Arayssi & Ali Fakih & Nathir Haimoun, 2019. "Did the Arab Spring reduce MENA countries’ growth?," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(19), pages 1579-1585, November.
    2. Andrew T. Young & Matthew J. Higgins & Donald J. Lacombe & Briana Sell, 2014. "The Direct and Indirect Effects of Small Business Administration Lending on Growth: Evidence from U.S. County-Level Data," NBER Working Papers 20543, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Carmen M. Reinhart & Vincent R. Reinhart, 2015. "Financial Crises, Development, and Growth: A Long-term Perspective," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 29(suppl_1), pages 53-76.
    4. Bibhudutta Panda, 2017. "Schooling and productivity growth: evidence from a dual growth accounting application to U.S. states," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 48(2), pages 193-221, December.
    5. Daron Acemoglu & Suresh Naidu & Pascual Restrepo & James A. Robinson, 2019. "Democracy Does Cause Growth," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 127(1), pages 47-100.
    6. Olper, Alessandro & Pacca, Lucia & Curzi, Daniele, 2014. "Trade, import competition and productivity growth in the food industry," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(P1), pages 71-83.
    7. Matthew J. Higgins & Donald J. Lacombe & Briana S. Stenard & Andrew T. Young, 2021. "Evaluating the effects of Small Business Administration lending on growth," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 23-45, June.
    8. Francesco Daveri & Rémy Lecat & Maria Laura Parisi, 2016. "Service Deregulation, Competition, and the Performance of French and Italian Firms," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 63(3), pages 278-302, July.
    9. Barbara Kotschwar, 2014. "Women, Sports, and Development: Does It Pay to Let Girls Play?," Policy Briefs PB14-8, Peterson Institute for International Economics.
    10. Matthieu Charpe, 2023. "Convergence heterogeneity at the local level in sub‐Saharan Africa," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 102(2), pages 273-305, April.
    11. Nicholas Sly & Caroline Weber, 2013. "International Fiscal Policy Coordination and GDP Comovement," CESifo Working Paper Series 4358, CESifo.
    12. Valero, Anna & Van Reenen, John, 2019. "The economic impact of universities: Evidence from across the globe," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 53-67.
    13. Coro CHASCO & Maricruz LACALLE-CALDERON & Javier ALFONSO-GIL, 2017. "Key determinants of civil liberty: a spatial analysis of 175 countries for the year 2010," Applied Econometrics and International Development, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, vol. 17(2), pages 19-32.
    14. Kangand, Duyong & Park, Sungkeun, 2023. "From miracle to mediocrity? Explaining the growth slowdown of the Korean economy," KDI Journal of Economic Policy, Korea Development Institute (KDI), vol. 45(4), pages 23-56.
    15. Mogens Justesen & Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard, 2013. "Institutional interactions and economic growth: the joint effects of property rights, veto players and democratic capital," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 157(3), pages 449-474, December.
    16. Vítor João Pereira Domingues Martinho, 2019. "Socioeconomic Impacts of Forest Fires upon Portugal: An Analysis for the Agricultural and Forestry Sectors," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-14, January.
    17. Jie Tang & Wenyue Cui, 2024. "Does the Internet trigger an innovative spatial revolution: evidence from China," Information Technology and Management, Springer, vol. 25(4), pages 305-318, December.
    18. Jones, C.I., 2016. "The Facts of Economic Growth," Handbook of Macroeconomics, in: J. B. Taylor & Harald Uhlig (ed.), Handbook of Macroeconomics, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 3-69, Elsevier.
    19. Rabah Arezki & Valerie A. Ramey & Liugang Sheng, 2017. "News Shocks in Open Economies: Evidence from Giant Oil Discoveries," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 132(1), pages 103-155.
    20. Naoki Sekiguchi, 2017. "Trade specialisation patterns in major steelmaking economies: the role of advanced economies and the implications for rapid growth in emerging market and developing economies in the global steel marke," Mineral Economics, Springer;Raw Materials Group (RMG);Luleå University of Technology, vol. 30(3), pages 207-227, October.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Immunisation coverage; Childhood; Per capita income; Fixed effects model;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I12 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health Behavior
    • I14 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Inequality

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:112139. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joachim Winter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfmunde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.