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Females in Crime

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  • Gavrilova, Evelina

Abstract

In this paper I review the literature on gender in the economics of crime. The emerging picture is that women are increasingly involved in crime at all ages. Women are favored in the Justice process with lower probabilities of arrest, shorter sentences and lighter sentencing regimes. The possible existence of a bias means that female crime can not be curbed by the policy maker through sweeping deterrence policies that affect all criminals. Rather, the key to decreasing crime lies in the multitude of life-cycle events that impact the opportunity cost to crime. Females are successfully deterred by welfare policies, with effects driven by the subgroup of single mothers. However, given trends of decreasing fertility, the group of potential criminals responding to welfare policies is dwindling. Therefore, there is a need for more research into the incentives that deter female criminals. The purpose would be to expand the set of tools that the policy maker can use to limit rising female crime.

Suggested Citation

  • Gavrilova, Evelina, 2021. "Females in Crime," MPRA Paper 105891, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:105891
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gavrilova, Evelina, 2019. "A partner in crime: Assortative matching and bias in the crime market," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 598-612.
    2. Nadia Campaniello, 2019. "Women in crime," IZA World of Labor, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), pages 105-105, July.
    3. Jeffrey R. Kling & Jens Ludwig & Lawrence F. Katz, 2005. "Neighborhood Effects on Crime for Female and Male Youth: Evidence from a Randomized Housing Voucher Experiment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 120(1), pages 87-130.
    4. Sonja B. Starr, 2015. "Estimating Gender Disparities in Federal Criminal Cases," American Law and Economics Review, American Law and Economics Association, vol. 17(1), pages 127-159.
    5. Amanda Y. Agan & Michael D. Makowsky, 2023. "The Minimum Wage, EITC, and Criminal Recidivism," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 58(5), pages 1712-1751.
    6. Patrick Bennett & Amine Ouazad, 2020. "Job Displacement, Unemployment, and Crime: Evidence from Danish Microdata and Reforms [The Link between Human Capital, Mass Layoffs, and Firm Deaths]," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 18(5), pages 2182-2220.
    7. Williams, Geoffrey Fain, 2015. "Property crime: Investigating career patterns and earnings," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 124-138.
    8. Beatton, Tony & Kidd, Michael P. & Machin, Stephen, 2018. "Gender crime convergence over twenty years: Evidence from Australia," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 275-288.
    9. Campaniello, Nadia & Gavrilova, Evelina, 2018. "Uncovering the gender participation gap in crime," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 289-304.
    10. Carr, Jillian B. & Koppa, Vijetha, 2020. "Housing Vouchers, Income Shocks and Crime: Evidence from a Lottery," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 475-493.
    11. Jillian B. Carr & Analisa Packham, 2019. "SNAP Benefits and Crime: Evidence from Changing Disbursement Schedules," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 101(2), pages 310-325, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Shelly Lundberg, 2023. "Gender Economics: Dead-Ends and New Opportunities," Research in Labor Economics, in: 50th Celebratory Volume, volume 50, pages 151-189, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    crime; female crime; deterrence policies; welfare policies;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H00 - Public Economics - - General - - - General
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing
    • K42 - Law and Economics - - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior - - - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

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