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The Mysterious Growing Value of S&P 500 Membership

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  • Randall Morck
  • Fan Yang

Abstract

The efficient markets hypothesis implies that passive indexing should generate as high a return as active fund management. Indexing has been a very successful strategy. We document a large value premium in the average q ratios of firms in the S&P 500 index relative to the q ratios of other similar firms that appears in the mid 1980s and grows in step with the growth of indexing. Passive investment strategies that require the purchase of the particular 500 stocks in this index increase demand for those stocks and so push up their prices. In short, indexing induces downward sloping demand curves for stocks in the index. For reasons that are not fully clear, arbitrageurs apparently do not correct this overvaluation.

Suggested Citation

  • Randall Morck & Fan Yang, 2001. "The Mysterious Growing Value of S&P 500 Membership," NBER Working Papers 8654, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:8654
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    Cited by:

    1. Florian Meier, 2020. "The Age of Cheap Money and Passive Investing: Are Pro Forma Earnings Value Relevant?," Journal of Finance and Investment Analysis, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 9(2), pages 1-1.
    2. Paul A. Gompers & Joy Ishii & Andrew Metrick, 2004. "Incentives vs. Control: An Analysis of U.S. Dual-Class Companies," NBER Working Papers 10240, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Aykut Karakaya & Ayten Turan Kurtaran & Ahmet Kurtaran, 2017. "Firm Value and External Financing Needs," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 9(6), pages 69-81, June.
    4. Mihir A Desai & Dhammika Dharmapala, 2009. "Corporate Tax Avoidance and Firm Value," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 91(3), pages 537-546, August.
    5. Cécile Carpentier & Douglas Cumming & Jean-Marc Suret, 2010. "The Valuation Effect of Listing Requirements: An Analysis of Venture Capital-Backed IPOs," CIRANO Working Papers 2010s-01, CIRANO.
    6. Osman, Khairul Nizam & Masih, Mansur, 2018. "Granger-causality of selective Dow Jones islamic and sustainability regional equity indices," MPRA Paper 104185, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Julian Atanassov, 2016. "Arm’s Length Financing and Innovation: Evidence from Publicly Traded Firms," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 62(1), pages 128-155, January.
    8. Kumar, Rajnish & Lawrence, Edward R. & Prakash, Arun & Rodríguez, Iván M., 2023. "Additions to and deletions from the S&P 500 index: A resolution to the asymmetric price response puzzle," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    9. Luca J. Liebi, 2020. "The effect of ETFs on financial markets: a literature review," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 34(2), pages 165-178, June.
    10. Hoje Jo & Maretno Harjoto, 2012. "The Causal Effect of Corporate Governance on Corporate Social Responsibility," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 106(1), pages 53-72, March.
    11. Chakrabarti, Rajesh & Huang, Wei & Jayaraman, Narayanan & Lee, Jinsoo, 2005. "Price and volume effects of changes in MSCI indices - nature and causes," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(5), pages 1237-1264, May.
    12. Joakim Kvamvold, 2017. "Mutual Fund Flows and Benchmark Portfolio Returns," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 7(2), pages 236-242.
    13. Chu, Gang & Goodell, John W. & Li, Xiao & Zhang, Yongjie, 2021. "Long-term impacts of index reconstitutions: Evidence from the CSI 300 additions and deletions," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    14. Antti Petajisto, 2004. "Why Do Demand Curves for Stocks Slope Down?," Yale School of Management Working Papers amz2458, Yale School of Management, revised 01 Sep 2008.
    15. Schoenfeld, Jordan, 2017. "The effect of voluntary disclosure on stock liquidity: New evidence from index funds," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(1), pages 51-74.
    16. Jeffrey Wurgler, 2010. "On the Economic Consequences of Index-Linked Investing," NBER Working Papers 16376, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    17. Ahluwalia, Eshan & Mishra, Ajay Kumar & Tripathy, Trilochan, 2020. "Institutional ownership, investor recognition and stock performance around index rebalancing: Evidence from Indian market," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    18. Petajisto, Antti, 2011. "The index premium and its hidden cost for index funds," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 271-288, March.
    19. Joakim Kvamvold & Snorre Lindset, 2017. "Index trading and portfolio risk," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 41(1), pages 78-99, January.
    20. Lehn, Kenneth & Patro, Sukesh & Zhao, Mengxin, 2007. "Governance indexes and valuation: Which causes which?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 13(5), pages 907-928, December.
    21. Ginsberg Ari & Hasan Iftekhar & Tucci Christopher L, 2011. "Unpacking the Effects of Corporate Venture Capital Investor Ties on the Reduction of Price Discounting among IPO Firms," Entrepreneurship Research Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 1(2), pages 1-29, March.

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