IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/6407.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Income Alters the Relative Reinforcing Effects of Drug and Nondrug Reinforcers

Author

Listed:
  • Marilyn E. Carroll

Abstract

Income is defined as the amount of funds, resources and/or time allowed to obtain goods over a specified period of time. This review discusses laboratory studies of income using methods of behavior analysis, behavioral pharmacology and behavioral economics. Initially, income was studied with respect to consumption of two types of the same good (e.g., food or drug), and later comparisons were made between food and nonfood rewards as well as drug and nondrug rewards. A consistent finding in these studies is that preferences between two goods change and often reverse as income is changed from low to high. Thus, reinforcing effects are not inherent in the goods, but they depend on the economic context (income, price of good, availability of substitutes). Another economic variable that has shown considerable impact on drug-reinforced behavior is the availability of nondrug alternative reinforcers which seem to function as economic substitutes. The present review also examines the interaction of income variables with price of drug (ethanol and phencyclidine) and availability of nondrug alternatives. It was concluded that price and availability of nondrug alternative are major determinants of drug intake. Changes in income dramatically alter preference between drug and nondrug items; however, income has a greater effect on consumption of nondrug alternatives than on drug intake. It was concluded that the optimal formula for reducing/preventing drug intake would be low income, high drug price and availability of inexpensive alternative nondrug reinforcers.

Suggested Citation

  • Marilyn E. Carroll, 1998. "Income Alters the Relative Reinforcing Effects of Drug and Nondrug Reinforcers," NBER Working Papers 6407, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:6407
    Note: EH
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w6407.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lea,Stephen E. G. & Tarpy,Roger M. & Webley,Paul M., 1987. "The Individual in the Economy," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521317016.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gedenk, Karen, 1996. "Agency-Theorie und die Steuerung von Geschäftsführern: Paradebeispiel oder Problemfall?," Manuskripte aus den Instituten für Betriebswirtschaftslehre der Universität Kiel 422, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Betriebswirtschaftslehre.
    2. Sacha Bourgeois-Gironde & Catherine Tallon-Baudry & Florent Meyniel, 2011. "Fast and Automatic Activation of an Abstract Representation of Money in the Human Ventral Visual Pathway," Post-Print ijn_00713469, HAL.
    3. Iyer, Rajesh & Muncy, James A., 2009. "Purpose and object of anti-consumption," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 62(2), pages 160-168, February.
    4. Bruno S. Frey & Reiner Eichenberger, 1989. "Should Social Scientists Care about Choice Anomalies?," Rationality and Society, , vol. 1(1), pages 101-122, July.
    5. Debra Friedman & Michael Hechter & Satoshi Kanazawa, 1994. "A theory of the value of children," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 31(3), pages 375-401, August.
    6. Malakhov, Sergey, 2018. "Limits to the «theorem of lemons»: demand for good cars under equilibrium price dispersion," MPRA Paper 88594, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Leiser, David & Benita, Rinat & Bourgeois-Gironde, Sacha, 2016. "Differing conceptions of the causes of the economic crisis: Effects of culture, economic training, and personal impact," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 154-163.
    8. Astri Drange Hole, 2013. "How do economists differ from others in distributive situations?," Nordic Journal of Political Economy, Nordic Journal of Political Economy, vol. 38, pages 1-4.
    9. Emily Northrop, 2000. "Normative Foundations of Introductory Economics," The American Economist, Sage Publications, vol. 44(1), pages 53-61, March.
    10. Tomasz Zaleskiewicz & Agata Gasiorowska & Pelin Kesebir, 2013. "Saving Can Save from Death Anxiety: Mortality Salience and Financial Decision-Making," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(11), pages 1-10, November.
    11. Burgoyne, Carole B. & Routh, David A., 1995. "Economic actors, minds and contexts: Towards an ecological economic psychology?," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 355-360, September.
    12. Seuntjens, Terri G. & van de Ven, Niels & Zeelenberg, Marcel & van der Schors, Anna, 2016. "Greed and adolescent financial behavior," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 1-12.
    13. Swati Prasad & Ravi Kiran & Rakesh Kumar Sharma, 2021. "Examining saving habits and discriminating on the basis of demographic factors: A descriptive study of retail investors'," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(2), pages 2859-2870, April.
    14. Wang, Lili & Kim, Sara & Zhou, Xinyue, 2023. "Money in a “Safe” place: Money anthropomorphism increases saving behavior," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 40(1), pages 88-108.
    15. repec:noj:journl:v:38:y:2013:p:4 is not listed on IDEAS
    16. Lea, Stephen E. G. & Webley, Paul, 1997. "Pride in economic psychology," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 18(2-3), pages 323-340, April.
    17. Konstantinos Giannakas, 2003. "Economics of export subsidies under costly and imperfect enforcement," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 47(4), pages 541-562, December.
    18. Beaudreau, Bernard C., 2012. "A humanistic theory of economic behavior," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 41(2), pages 222-234.
    19. Zeelenberg, Marcel & Seuntjens, T.G. & van de Ven, Niels & Breugelmans, Seger, 2020. "When enough is not enough : Overearning as a manifestation of dispositional greed," Other publications TiSEM 48fc18e0-e307-4e78-81cb-3, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    20. Elliott, William, 2013. "Small-dollar children's savings accounts and children's college outcomes," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 572-585.
    21. Pemberton, James, 1996. "Growth trends, cyclical fluctuations, and welfare with non-expected utility preferences," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(3), pages 387-392, March.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:6407. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: the person in charge (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/nberrus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.