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Gender-Differentiated Effects of Parenthood on Earnings: Understanding Cross-National Variation in the Motherhood Penalty and Fatherhood Bonus

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  • Ian Lundberg

Abstract

Although mothers are increasingly joining the labor force, employers continue to pay mothers less than non-mothers and fathers more than non-fathers. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), this paper investigates the influence of parental status on the incomes of men and women in eight industrialized countries. I demonstrate the existence of an employer bias against mothers in all countries except the Netherlands and a bias toward fathers in all countries except the Netherlands and Luxembourg. I then compare three methods for categorizing countries based on gender equality to see which best explains the cross-national variation in motherhood penalties and fatherhood bonuses.

Suggested Citation

  • Ian Lundberg, 2012. "Gender-Differentiated Effects of Parenthood on Earnings: Understanding Cross-National Variation in the Motherhood Penalty and Fatherhood Bonus," LIS Working papers 576, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    • Handle: RePEc:lis:liswps:576
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    1. Gary S. Becker, 1981. "A Treatise on the Family," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number beck81-1.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ji Young Kang, 2017. "The Danger of a One-sided Story: The Effects of Production Regimes and Family Policies on the Gender Employment Gap," LIS Working papers 709, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    2. Erik Lundquist & Hanna Ekl f, 2017. "The Motherhood Wage Penalty: A Varieties of Capitalism Approach," LIS Working papers 710, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.

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