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Entrepreneurship among Low-, Mid- and High-Income Workers in South America: A Fuzzy-Set Analysis

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  • Velilla, Jorge

    (University of Zaragoza)

  • Molina, José Alberto

    (University of Zaragoza)

  • Ortega, Raquel

    (University of Zaragoza)

Abstract

This paper studies the reasons underlying the entrepreneurial decisions of low-, middle-, and high-income workers in South America. Using data from the GEM APS for the period 2005-2017, we apply fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, allowing us to find causal links in the form of necessary conditions linked to entrepreneurship in the sample countries. Results show some differences in the conditions that lead individuals to become entrepreneurs, depending on income levels and gender. However, peer effects, the social perception of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial skills, and formal education seem decisive in different contexts, although they may operate in both complementary and substitutive ways. The same combination of conditions does not appear to work for all the countries, even when taking into account the gender and income level of workers.

Suggested Citation

  • Velilla, Jorge & Molina, José Alberto & Ortega, Raquel, 2020. "Entrepreneurship among Low-, Mid- and High-Income Workers in South America: A Fuzzy-Set Analysis," IZA Discussion Papers 13209, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    • Handle: RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13209
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    Cited by:

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    2. Fau Naval, Lorenzo, 2022. "Poder de negociación intrafamiliar de las familias polacas [Intrahousehould bargaining power in polish families]," MPRA Paper 112540, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 24 Mar 2022.
    3. Velilla, Jorge, 2021. "Regional and national results on entrepreneurship using GEM data," MPRA Paper 110323, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. García Rodríguez, Alejandro, 2022. "La oferta de trabajo en Bélgica: Distribución del trabajo remunerado entre los cónyuges de la familia [The job offer in Belgium: Distribution of paid work between the spouses of the family]," MPRA Paper 113262, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Bellido, Héctor, 2020. "Análisis internacional de las decisiones emprendedoras: aspectos económicos, emocionales, saludables y familiares [International analysis of entrepreneurial decisions: economic, emotional, healthy ," MPRA Paper 104487, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Calvo, Elena, 2021. "Commuting y autoempleo en Países Bajos [Commuting and self-employment in Netherlands]," MPRA Paper 107322, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Palacios, Saúl, 2021. "Desplazamientos y autoempleo en Francia: diferencias por género [Commuting y self-employment in France: gender differences]," MPRA Paper 106555, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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    9. Vela Espiago, Santiago, 2023. "Diferencias intrafamiliares en la oferta de trabajo: evidencia empírica para el caso de Reino Unido [Intrahousehold labor supply differences: Empirical evidence for the UK]," MPRA Paper 117342, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Claver Sanz, Raúl, 2022. "La transmisión intergeneracional de educación: evidencia en América Latina (1870 – 2010) [The Intergenerational Transmission of Education: Evidence from Latin America (1870 - 2010)]," MPRA Paper 111434, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Boldova Marzo, Daniel Miguel, 2022. "Análisis de la acumulación y distribución de la riqueza [Analysis of capital accumulation and weatlh distribution]," MPRA Paper 113582, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Gutierrez-Lythgoe, Antonio, 2023. "Autoempleo y Machine Learning: Una aplicación para España [Self-employment and Machine Learning: An application for Spain]," MPRA Paper 117275, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Lozano, Javier, 2021. "Commuting y auto-empleo en Italia: diferencias por género y localización geográfica [Commuting and self employment in Italy: gender differences and geographical locations]," MPRA Paper 106279, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Gonzalez-Alvarez, María A., 2020. "Emprendimiento, rentas de las familias y políticas activas de empleo [Entrepreneurship, family income and active employment policies]," MPRA Paper 104218, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Pérez Mínguez, José Antonio, 2022. "Oferta laboral en Gran Bretaña: Un enfoque colectivo [Job supply in Great Britain: A collective approach]," MPRA Paper 112743, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Hernández, Jaime, 2021. "Tiempo de desplazamiento al puesto laboral y relación con los empleados autónomos: el caso de las mujeres trabajadoras alemanas [Commuting time and relationship with self-employed: the case of Germ," MPRA Paper 106040, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. Velilla, Jorge, 2020. "Intergenerational correlation of self-employment in European countries," MPRA Paper 104184, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Claver, Raúl, 2021. "Determinantes del tiempo de desplazamiento al trabajo en la población femenina auto-empleada de Dinamarca [Pattern of Commuting time of female self-worked population in Denmark]," MPRA Paper 106373, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. J. Ignacio, Giménez-Nadal & Ignacio, De la Fuente, 2020. "Asalariados versus autoempleados: Diferencias en el uso del tiempo entre España y Aragón [Employed versus self-employed: Time use differences between Spain and Aragon]," MPRA Paper 105181, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    20. Oliete Peirona, Natalia, 2021. "Tiempos de desplazamiento hogar-trabajo en Austria [Home-work commuting times in Austria]," MPRA Paper 106819, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    21. Belloc, Ignacio, 2021. "El tiempo de desplazamiento al lugar de trabajo en el Reino Unido: Diferencias entre asalariados y autoempleados [Commuting time in the United Kingdom: Differences between wage-earners and self-emp," MPRA Paper 108260, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    22. Margalejo Hernández, Cristina, 2021. "Commuting y autoempleo en Luxemburgo [Commuting and self-employment in Luxemburgo]," MPRA Paper 106183, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    23. Oliva, Andres, 2021. "Estimación del tiempo de desplazamiento al trabajo para los trabajadores portugueses: diferencias entre autoempleados y asalariados [Estimation of commuting time for Portuguese workers: differences," MPRA Paper 107176, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    South America; entrepreneurship; income; fsQCA; GEM data;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • L26 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Entrepreneurship
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

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