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The persistence of gender pay and employment gaps in European countries

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  • António Afonso
  • M. Carmen Blanco-Arana

Abstract

The gender pay gap and the gender gap in employment remains persistent in Europe despite the basic assertion of gender equality under EU law. We assess the factors that influence the gender pay gap and gender employment gap across European countries. Therefore, we use an unbalanced panel of 31 European countries over the period 2000-2022, and estimate a system generalized method of moment model (GMM). The main conclusions confirm that tertiary education significantly reduces gender pay gap and part-time and temporary contracts significantly increase this gap. Moreover, part-time reduces significantly gender employment gap. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita does not affect these gaps and the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) saw a narrowing of the gender pay and employment gaps in European countries. The results are robust when using a fixed effects (FE) model.

Suggested Citation

  • António Afonso & M. Carmen Blanco-Arana, 2024. "The persistence of gender pay and employment gaps in European countries," Working Papers REM 2024/0338, ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management, REM, Universidade de Lisboa.
    • Handle: RePEc:ise:remwps:wp03382024
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gender Pay Gap; Gender Employment Gap; Secondary Education; Tertiary Education; Part-time; Temporary Work; GMM; European countries;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J0 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - General
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models

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