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Emergence and Evolution of Learning Gaps across Countries. Panel Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam (Documento de Trabajo 124 – La aparición y evolución de brechas de aprendizaje entre países: La evidencia de estudio longitudinal en Etiopía, India, Perú y Vietnam)

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Los resultados de las evaluaciones internacionales estandarizadas de aprendizaje permiten identificar brechas de magnitud importante entre estudiantes de diversos países. En este documento, se utiliza información única de niños del estudio longitudinal Niños del Milenio /Young Lives en Etiopía, India, Perú y Vietnam usando las mismas evaluaciones a niños de 5, 6, 12 y 15 años de edad para encontrar a qué edades surgen las brechas entre diferentes poblaciones, cómo incrementan o disminuyen con el tiempo, y cuáles son los factores más próximos para determinar estas divergencias. Este documento usa el criterio de lo que se denomina proceso de dominancia estocástica, concepto estadístico que se aplica, en este caso, para evaluar si la distribución de notas en las evaluaciones de aprendizaje recolectadas por Niños del Milenio es similar en los cuatro países, o si, por el contrario, se da el caso que algunos países “dominan” a otros en términos de los aprendizajes logrados. Así el estudio analizó los resultados de los niños cuando estos tenían 5 años (previo a la matrícula escolar) y encontró un claro patrón de dominancia estocástica entre países, con los niños de Vietnam liderando el aprendizaje y Etiopía en el nivel inferior, mientras que los niños del Perú y de la India se mantienen en el medio. Las diferencias entre las muestras de los niños de estos países crecen en magnitud a edades posteriores, aunque el ranking de los países observado a los 5 años se mantiene en todos los rangos de edades. Cuando se dice que Vietnam domina estocásticamente al resto de países, se entiende que, al enfocarse en el mismo punto de la distribución, los niños de Vietnam siempre están mejor (por ejemplo, los estudiantes de Vietnam con peores resultados en las pruebas, están mejor que los niños que salen peor del resto de países; asimismo, los niños de Vietnam que obtienen los mejores resultados, se desempeñan mejor que sus pares con los mejores logros del resto de países; igualmente, los niveles de aprendizaje de los niños promedio de Vietnam son mejores que los de los alumnos promedio del resto de países, y así sucesivamente. Existen algunos niños del resto de países que alcanzan mejores resultados que los de Vietnam, pero si nos enfocamos en el mismo punto de la distribución en cada país, los niños de Vietnam están mejor que los niños del Perú y de la India (y Etiopía se encuentra en último lugar). Las diferencias halladas son sólo parcialmente explicadas por diferencias en inversiones educativas a nivel del hogar o en los talentos naturales de cada niño—resultado que se obtiene de estimar una función de producción con un enfoque de valor añadido. Más bien, la diferencia en logros entre los niños de Vietnam y de los otros países en la edad de la escuela primaria es explicada en mayor medida por la diferencia en la productividad de los años de escuela (siendo Vietnam el país con la mayor productividad observada). Estos hallazgos son confirmados usando un enfoque de variables instrumentales, empleando discontinuidades en la culminación de grados escolares que surgen entre niños nacidos en meses adyacentes, como consecuencia de las políticas de edad de matrícula de cada país.

Suggested Citation

  • Abhijeet Singh, 2014. "Emergence and Evolution of Learning Gaps across Countries. Panel Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam (Documento de Trabajo 124 – La aparición y evolución de brechas de aprendizaje entre pa," Documentos de Trabajo (Niños del Milenio-GRADE) ninosm124, Niños del Milenio (Young Lives).
  • Handle: RePEc:gad:ninosm:ninosm124
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