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The Impact of Vaccines and Behavior on U.S. Cumulative Deaths from COVID-19

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  • Andrew Atkeson

Abstract

The CDC reports that 1.13 million Americans have died of COVID-19 through June of 2023. I use a model of the impact over the past three years of vaccines and private and public behavior to mitigate disease transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States to address two questions. First, holding the strength of the response of behavior to the level of daily deaths from COVID-19 fixed, what was the impact of vaccines on cumulative mortality from COVID-19 up through June 2023? And second, holding the pace of deployment of vaccinations fixed, what would have been the impact of stricter or looser behavioral responses to COVID-19 deaths on cumulative mortality from COVID-19 over this same time period? In answering the first question, I find that vaccines saved 748,600 lives through June 2023. That is, without vaccines, cumulative mortality from COVID-19 would have been closer to 1.91 million over this time period. In answering the second question, I find that behavioral efforts to slow the transmission of the virus before vaccines became widely administered were critical to this positive impact of vaccines on cumulative mortality. For example, with a complete relaxation of these mitigation efforts, vaccines would have come too late to have saved a significant number of lives. Earlier deployment of vaccines would have saved many lives. I find that marginal changes in the strength of the behavioral response to COVID-19 deaths within the range of those responses estimated with the model have a significantly smaller impact on cumulative COVID-19 mortality over this time period.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrew Atkeson, 2023. "The Impact of Vaccines and Behavior on U.S. Cumulative Deaths from COVID-19," Staff Report 649, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedmsr:96700
    DOI: 10.21034/sr.649
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Barro, Robert J., 2022. "Vaccination rates and COVID outcomes across U.S. states," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 47(C).
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    COVID-19 mortality; Vaccines; Behavior;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I0 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - General
    • I12 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health Behavior

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