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Childhood Exposure to Violence and Nurturing Relationships: The Long-Run Effects on Black Men

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  • Dionissi Aliprantis
  • Kristen Tauber

Abstract

Black men who witnessed a shooting before turning 12 have household earnings as adults 31 percent lower than those who did not. We present evidence that this gap is causal and is most likely the result of toxic stress; it is not mediated by incarceration and is constant across neighborhood socioeconomic status. Turning to mechanisms related to toxic stress, we study exposure to violence and nurturing relationships during adolescence. Item-anchored indexes synthesize variables on these treatments better than summing positive responses, Item Response Theory, or Principal Components, which all perform similarly. Providing adolescents with nurturing relationships is almost as beneficial as preventing their exposure to violence.

Suggested Citation

  • Dionissi Aliprantis & Kristen Tauber, 2023. "Childhood Exposure to Violence and Nurturing Relationships: The Long-Run Effects on Black Men," Working Papers 23-16, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedcwq:96469
    DOI: 10.26509/frbc-wp-202316
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. John R. Logan & Brian J. Stults & Zengwang Xu, 2016. "Validating Population Estimates for Harmonized Census Tract Data, 2000–2010," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 106(5), pages 1013-1029, September.
    2. Johnson, Eric & Reynolds, C. Lockwood, 2013. "The effect of household hospitalizations on the educational attainment of youth," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 165-182.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Interpersonal Violence; Code of the Street; Toxic Stress; Nurturing Relationship; Race; Neighborhood Effect;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H40 - Public Economics - - Publicly Provided Goods - - - General
    • I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
    • J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • R23 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population

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