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Is the Moroccan Fiscal System Progressive ? A Shapley Decomposition

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  • Touhami Abdelkhalek
  • Dorothée Boccanfuso

Abstract

Public policies, particularly those related to tax policy and subsidies, should help reduce poverty and inequality. However, the combination of the components of these two systems, as implemented, leads sometimes to an increase in poverty and/or inequality without this being necessarily visible. In this paper, based on data from the 2019 wave of the ONDH Household Panel Survey from Morocco, we first highlight the ifluence of taxes and subsidies on household incomes. We then derive the income variations relating to the tax burden and gains from subsidies for the different population groups. We then characterize taxes and subsidies in terms of their progressiveness and regressiveness. Finally, using a Shapley decomposition, we determine the contribution of each tax and subsidy to poverty and inequality measures. This analysis is done separately for rural and urban areas, useful to formulate recommendations on this basis. Our results show that the tax and subsidy system, taken all together, is redistributive. We can also conclude unambiguously that this system reduces poverty and inequality. However, the value-added tax (VAT) is regressive in its current form, unlike income tax, which is progressive. Finally, subsidies for primary and secondary education are highly progressive, while those for higher education are regressive,benefiting the wealthiest quintiles. Les politiques publiques, notamment celles liées à la politique fiscale et aux subventions, devraient normalement contribuer à réduire la pauvreté et les inégalités. Cependant, la combinaison des différentes composantes dans leur mise en œuvre, conduit parfois à une augmentation de la pauvreté et/ou des inégalités sans que cela soit nécessairement visible. Dans cet article et sur la base des données de la vague 2019 de l'Enquête Panel des Ménages de l'ONDH au Maroc, nous mettons d'abord en évidence l'influence des impôts et des subventions sur les revenus des ménages. Nous dérivons ensuite les variations de revenus relatives à la charge fiscale et aux bénéfices des subventions pour différents groupes de population. Nous caractérisons ensuite les impôts et les subventions en termes de progressivité et de régressivité. Enfin, à l'aide d'une décomposition de Shapley, nous déterminons la contribution de chaque impôt et subvention aux mesures de la pauvreté et de l'inégalité. Cette analyse est effectuée en distinguant les zones rurales et urbaines afin de formuler de meilleures recommandations. Nos résultats montrent que le système d'impôts et de subventions, pris dans son ensemble, est redistributif. Nous concluons également sans ambiguïté que le système fiscal réduit la pauvreté et les inégalités. Cependant, la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée est régressive dans sa forme actuelle, contrairement à l'impôt sur le revenu qui est progressif. Enfin, les subventions à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire sont fortement progressives, alors que celles à l'enseignement supérieur sont régressives et profitent aux quintiles les plus riches.

Suggested Citation

  • Touhami Abdelkhalek & Dorothée Boccanfuso, 2023. "Is the Moroccan Fiscal System Progressive ? A Shapley Decomposition," CIRANO Working Papers 2023s-22, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2023s-22
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Touhami Abdelkhalek & Dorothée Boccanfuso, 2021. "Impact of Tax Reforms in Applied Models: Which Functional Forms Should Be Chosen for the Demand System? Theory and Application for Morocco," CIRANO Working Papers 2021s-07, CIRANO.
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    3. Pernia, Ernesto & Kakwani, Nanak, 2000. "What is Pro-poor Growth?," MPRA Paper 104987, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Nizar Jouini & Nora Lustig & Ahmed Moummi & Abebe Shimeles, 2018. "Fiscal Policy, Income Redistribution, and Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Tunisia," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 64(s1), pages 225-248, October.
    5. Kakwani, Nanok C, 1977. "Measurement of Tax Progressivity: An International Comparison," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 87(345), pages 71-80, March.
    6. Mercedes Sastre & Alain Trannoy, 2002. "Shapley inequality decomposition by factor components: Some methodological issues," Journal of Economics, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 51-89, December.
    7. Anthony Shorrocks, 2013. "Decomposition procedures for distributional analysis: a unified framework based on the Shapley value," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 11(1), pages 99-126, March.
    8. Ravallion, Martin & Chen, Shaohua, 2003. "Measuring pro-poor growth," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 78(1), pages 93-99, January.
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    10. Francis Menjo Baye, 2006. "Growth, Redistribution and Poverty Changes in Cameroon: A Shapley Decomposition Analysis," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 15(4), pages 543-570, December.
    11. Jonathan Haughton & Shahidur R. Khandker, 2009. "Handbook on Poverty and Inequality," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 11985.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Fiscal system; Poverty; Inequality; Shapley decomposition; Morocco; Fiscalité; Pauvreté; Inégalités; Décomposition de Shapley; Maroc;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H20 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - General
    • H53 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
    • I32 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

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