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Perception vs. Experience: Explaining Differences in Corruption Measures Using Microdata

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  • Jerg Gutmann
  • Fabio Padovano
  • Stefan Voigt

Abstract

Understanding corruption is at the heart of treating the dysfunctionality of many countries’ public sectors. Yet, most corruption research suffers from one common problem: There is no “objective” measure of public-sector corruption for a cross-section of countries. Most studies on the determinants or the effects of corruption rely on indicators of corruption perception. In recent years, a second type of indicator reflecting stated experiences with bribery has become available. If corruption perception is primarily informed by experience with corruption, these two types of indicators should be very highly correlated. In fact, they are not. This paper deals with the divergence between these two types of corruption indicators. We examine the variation in individual corruption perception that cannot be explained by individual corruption experience alone. We find that both respondent characteristics and country characteristics affect corruption perception beyond what can be explained by individuals’ first-hand experience of corruption. Some of these biases may force us to reevaluate results of corruption research that is based on perception data, as well as the anti-corruption policies designed after these results.

Suggested Citation

  • Jerg Gutmann & Fabio Padovano & Stefan Voigt, 2019. "Perception vs. Experience: Explaining Differences in Corruption Measures Using Microdata," CESifo Working Paper Series 8027, CESifo.
    • Handle: RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8027
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    9. Gründler, Klaus & Potrafke, Niklas, 2019. "Corruption and economic growth: New empirical evidence," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    10. Jerg Gutmann & Viola Lucas, 2018. "Private-Sector Corruption: Measurement and Cultural Origins," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 138(2), pages 747-770, July.
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    12. Rajeev K. Goel & Ummad Mazhar & Rati Ram, 2022. "Dimensions of size and corruption perceptions versus corruption experiences by firms in emerging economies," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 46(2), pages 374-396, April.
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    14. Yang, Li & Milanovic, Branko & Lin, Yaoqi, 2023. "Anti-Corruption Campaign in China: An Empirical Investigation," SocArXiv b3jze, Center for Open Science.
    15. Pablo Pinazo-Dallenbach & Fernando Castelló-Sirvent, 2024. "Gender, Perceived Insecurity, Corruption Perception, Subjective Norm, and Household Income: A Configurational Approach to Entrepreneurial Intention," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(2), pages 5864-5892, June.
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    17. Paldam, Martin, 2021. "The transition of corruption institutions and dynamics," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    18. Guoyao Yan & Yu Hao & Yunxia Guo & Haitao Wu, 2022. "Are environmental problems a barometer of corruption in the eyes of residents? Evidence from China," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 75(2), pages 337-361, May.
    19. Andres Jauregui & Kirk C. Heriot & David T. Mitchell, 2021. "Corruption and formal-sector entrepreneurship in a middle-income country: spatial analysis of firm births in the Mexican states," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(4), pages 1957-1972, December.
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    21. Berggren, Niclas & Bjørnskov, Christian, 2020. "Corruption, judicial accountability and inequality: Unfair procedures may benefit the worst-off," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 341-354.
    22. Germana Corrado & Luisa Corrado & Giuseppe De Michele & Francesco Salustri, 2017. "Are Perceptions of Corruption Matching Reality? Theory and Evidence from Microdata," CEIS Research Paper 420, Tor Vergata University, CEIS, revised 14 Dec 2017.
    23. Sujin Cha, 2024. "Chinese aid and corruption in African local governments," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(1), pages 587-605, January.
    24. Michael Peneder & Hans Pitlik & Alexandros Charos, 2023. "Business Location Quality and Trust in Public Institutions. Executive Opinion Survey 2022," WIFO Reports on Austria, WIFO, issue 4, March.
    25. Cevat Giray Aksoy & Barry Eichengreen & Anastasia Litina & Cem Özgüzel & Chan Yu, 2024. "Corruption Exposure, Political Trust, and Immigrants," Discussion Paper Series 2024_08, Department of Economics, University of Macedonia, revised Jun 2024.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    corruption experience; corruption measurement; corruption perception; governance indicators; institutional quality; subjective indicators;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D73 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
    • C80 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs - - - General
    • K42 - Law and Economics - - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior - - - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
    • O17 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

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