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The Power of a Bad Example - A Field Experiment in Household Garbage Disposal

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  • Robert Dur
  • Ben Vollaard

Abstract

Field-experimental studies have shown that people litter more in more littered environments. Inspired by these findings, many cities around the world have adopted policies to quickly remove litter. While such policies may prevent people from following the bad example of litterers, they may also invite free-riding on public cleaning services. We are the first to show that both forces are at play. We conduct a natural field experiment where, in a randomly assigned part of a residential area, the frequency of cleaning was drastically reduced during a three-month period. We find evidence that some people start to clean up after themselves when public cleaning services are diminished. However, the tendency to litter more dominates. We also find that these responses continue to exist for some time after the treatment has ended.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert Dur & Ben Vollaard, 2014. "The Power of a Bad Example - A Field Experiment in Household Garbage Disposal," CESifo Working Paper Series 4753, CESifo.
    • Handle: RePEc:ces:ceswps:_4753
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    Cited by:

    1. Ruggero Rangoni & Wander Jager, 2017. "Social Dynamics of Littering and Adaptive Cleaning Strategies Explored Using Agent-Based Modelling," Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, vol. 20(2), pages 1-1.
    2. Vollaard, Ben, 2017. "Temporal displacement of environmental crime: Evidence from marine oil pollution," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 168-180.
    3. Stefano Carattini & Simon Levin & Alessandro Tavoni, 2019. "Cooperation in the Climate Commons," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 13(2), pages 227-247.
    4. Dur, Robert & Vollaard, Ben, 2019. "Salience of law enforcement: A field experiment," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 208-220.
    5. Jacoba M. M. Viljoen & Catherina J. Schenck & Liza Volschenk & Phillip F. Blaauw & Lizette Grobler, 2021. "Household Waste Management Practices and Challenges in a Rural Remote Town in the Hantam Municipality in the Northern Cape, South Africa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-24, May.
    6. Henning Best & Thorsten Kneip, 2019. "Assessing the Causal Effect of Curbside Collection on Recycling Behavior in a Non-randomized Experiment with Self-reported Outcome," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 72(4), pages 1203-1223, April.
    7. Riehm, Tobias & Fugger, Nicolas & Gillen, Philippe & Gretschko, Vitali & Werner, Peter, 2021. "Social norms and market behavior: Evidence from a large population sample," ZEW Discussion Papers 21-017, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    8. Gionata Castaldi & Grazia Cecere & Mariangela Zoli, 2021. "“Smoke on the beach”: on the use of economic vs behavioral policies to reduce environmental pollution by cigarette littering," Economia Politica: Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics, Springer;Fondazione Edison, vol. 38(3), pages 1025-1048, October.
    9. O'Garra, Tanya & Alfredo, Katherine A., 2018. "Communication, Observability and Cooperation: a Field Experiment on Collective Water Management in India," SocArXiv bsg75, Center for Open Science.
    10. Marius PETRESCU & Ionica ONCIOIU & Anca-Gabriela PETRESCU & Florentina-Raluca BÎLCAN & Mihai PETRESCU & Dumitru-Alexandru STOICA, 2021. "Estimating the Dynamics of Household Waste Management in Turkey," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(2), pages 129-143, June.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    littering; public services; free-riding; field experiment;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C93 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Field Experiments
    • H40 - Public Economics - - Publicly Provided Goods - - - General
    • K42 - Law and Economics - - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior - - - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

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