Scaling Financial Education Among Micro-Entrepreneurs: A Randomized Saturation Experiment
Author
Abstract
Suggested Citation
Download full text from publisher
References listed on IDEAS
- Dennis Egger & Johannes Haushofer & Edward Miguel & Paul Niehaus & Michael Walker, 2022.
"General Equilibrium Effects of Cash Transfers: Experimental Evidence From Kenya,"
Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 90(6), pages 2603-2643, November.
- Dennis Egger & Johannes Haushofer & Edward Miguel & Paul Niehaus & Michael W. Walker, 2019. "General Equilibrium Effects of Cash Transfers: Experimental Evidence from Kenya," NBER Working Papers 26600, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Egger, Dennis & Haushofer, Johannes & Miguel, Edward & Niehaus, Paul & Walker, Michael, 2020. "General equilibrium effects of cash transfers: experimental evidence from Kenya," Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt7b84w7hh, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley.
- Abhijit V. Banerjee & Shawn Cole & Esther Duflo & Leigh Linden, 2007.
"Remedying Education: Evidence from Two Randomized Experiments in India,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 122(3), pages 1235-1264.
- Abhijit Banerjee & Shawn Cole & Esther Duflo & Leigh Linden, 2005. "Remedying education: Evidence from two randomized experiments in india," Framed Field Experiments 00122, The Field Experiments Website.
- Banerjee, Abhijit & Duflo, Esther & Cole, Shawn & Linden, Leigh, 2006. "Remedying Education: Evidence from Two Randomized Experiments in India," CEPR Discussion Papers 5446, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Abhijit Banerjee, 2006. "Remedying Education: Evidence from Two Randomised Experiments in India," Working Papers id:360, eSocialSciences.
- Abhijit Banerjee & Shawn Cole & Esther Duflo & Leigh Linden, 2005. "Remedying Education: Evidence from Two Randomized Experiments in India," NBER Working Papers 11904, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Kaiser, Tim & Lusardi, Annamaria & Menkhoff, Lukas & Urban, Carly, 2022.
"Financial education affects financial knowledge and downstream behaviors,"
Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(2), pages 255-272.
- Kaiser, Tim & Lusardi, Annamaria & Menkhoff, Lukas & Urban, Carly, 2020. "Financial Education Affects Financial Knowledge and Downstream Behaviors," Rationality and Competition Discussion Paper Series 240, CRC TRR 190 Rationality and Competition.
- Kaiser, Tim & Lusardi, Annamaria & Menkhoff, Lukas & Urban, Carly, 2020. "Financial Education Affects Financial Knowledge and Downstream Behaviors," IZA Discussion Papers 13178, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Tim Kaiser & Annamaria Lusardi & Lukas Menkhoff & Carly J. Urban, 2020. "Financial Education Affects Financial Knowledge and Downstream Behaviors," NBER Working Papers 27057, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Tim Kaiser & Annamaria Lusardi & Lukas Menkhoff & Carly Urban, 2020. "Financial Education Affects Financial Knowledge and Downstream Behaviors," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1864, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Lusardi, Annamaria & Kaiser, Tim & Menkhoff, Lukas & Urban, Carly, 2020. "Financial education affects financial knowledge and downstream behaviors," CEPR Discussion Papers 14741, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Fenella Carpena & Shawn Cole & Jeremy Shapiro & Bilal Zia, 2019.
"The ABCs of Financial Education: Experimental Evidence on Attitudes, Behavior, and Cognitive Biases,"
Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 65(1), pages 346-369, January.
- Carpena,Fenella & Cole,Shawn A. & Shapiro,Jeremy & Zia,Bilal Husnain, 2015. "The ABCs of financial education : experimental evidence on attitudes, behavior, and cognitive biases," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7413, The World Bank.
- Daniel Fernandes & John G. Lynch & Richard G. Netemeyer, 2014. "Financial Literacy, Financial Education, and Downstream Financial Behaviors," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(8), pages 1861-1883, August.
- Suri, Tavneet & Bharadwaj, Prashant & Jack, William, 2021. "Fintech and household resilience to shocks: Evidence from digital loans in Kenya," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
- Jana S. Hamdan & Katharina Lehmann-Uschner & Lukas Menkhoff, 2022. "Mobile Money, Financial Inclusion, and Unmet Opportunities: Evidence from Uganda," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 58(4), pages 671-691, April.
- M. Angelucci & V. Di Maro, 2016.
"Programme evaluation and spillover effects,"
Journal of Development Effectiveness, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(1), pages 22-43, March.
- Manuela Angelucci & Vincenzo Di Maro, 2010. "Program Evaluation and Spillover Effects," SPD Working Papers 1003, Inter-American Development Bank, Office of Strategic Planning and Development Effectiveness (SPD).
- Angelucci, Manuela & Di Maro, Vincenzo, 2015. "Program Evaluation and Spillover Effects," IZA Discussion Papers 9033, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Angelucci,M. & Di Maro,Vincenzo, 2015. "Program evaluation and spillover effects," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7243, The World Bank.
- Gunhild Berg & Bilal Zia, 2017.
"Harnessing Emotional Connections to Improve Financial Decisions: Evaluating the Impact of Financial Education in Mainstream Media,"
Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 15(5), pages 1025-1055.
- Berg,Gunhild & Zia,Bilal Husnain, 2013. "Harnessing emotional connections to improve financial decisions : evaluating the impact of financial education in mainstream media," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6407, The World Bank.
- Munyegera, Ggombe Kasim & Matsumoto, Tomoya, 2016. "Mobile Money, Remittances, and Household Welfare: Panel Evidence from Rural Uganda," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 127-137.
- Raj Chetty & John N. Friedman & Nathaniel Hilger & Emmanuel Saez & Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach & Danny Yagan, 2011.
"How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence from Project Star,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 126(4), pages 1593-1660.
- Raj Chetty & John N. Friedman & Nathaniel Hilger & Emmanuel Saez & Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach & Danny Yagan, 2010. "How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence From Project STAR," NBER Working Papers 16381, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Chetty, Raj & Friedman, John Norton & Hilger, Nathanial & Saez, Emmanuel & Schanzenbach, Dianne Whitmore & Yagan, Danny, 2011. "How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence from Project Star," Scholarly Articles 9639983, Harvard Kennedy School of Government.
- John A. List, 2024.
"Optimally generate policy-based evidence before scaling,"
Nature, Nature, vol. 626(7999), pages 491-499, February.
- John List, 2024. "Optimally Generate Policy-Based Evidence Before Scaling," Natural Field Experiments 00783, The Field Experiments Website.
- Alejandro Drexler & Greg Fischer & Antoinette Schoar, 2014.
"Keeping It Simple: Financial Literacy and Rules of Thumb,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 6(2), pages 1-31, April.
- Schoar, Antoinette & Fischer, Greg & Drexler, Alejandro, 2010. "Keeping it Simple: Financial Literacy and Rules of Thumb," CEPR Discussion Papers 7994, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Drexler, Alejandro & Fischer, Gregory & Schoar, Antoinette, 2010. "Keeping it simple: financial literacy and rules of thumb," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 33502, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Drexler, Alejandro & Fischer, Gregory & Schoar, Antoinette, 2014. "Keeping it simple: financial literacy and rules of thumb," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 46797, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Michael Haliassos & Thomas Jansson & Yigitcan Karabulut & Lauren Cohen, 2020.
"Financial Literacy Externalities,"
The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 33(2), pages 950-989.
- Haliassos, Michael & Jansson, Thomas & Karabulut, Yigitcan, 2017. "Financial Literacy Externalities," CEPR Discussion Papers 12100, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Haliassos, Michael & Jansson, Thomas & Karabulut, Yigitcan, 2017. "Financial Literacy Externalities," Working Paper Series 333, Sveriges Riksbank (Central Bank of Sweden), revised 01 Oct 2017.
- Omar Al-Ubaydli & John A. List & Dana Suskind, 2019.
"The Science of Using Science: Towards an Understanding of the Threats to Scaling Experiments,"
NBER Working Papers
25848, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Omar Al-Ubaydli & John List & Dana Suskind, 2019. "The science of using science: Towards an understanding of the threats to scaling experiments," Artefactual Field Experiments 00670, The Field Experiments Website.
- Kaiser, Tim & Menkhoff, Lukas, 2022.
"Active learning improves financial education: Experimental evidence from Uganda,"
Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
- Tim Kaiser & Lukas Menkhoff, 2022. "Active Learning Improves Financial Education: Experimental Evidence from Uganda," CESifo Working Paper Series 9661, CESifo.
- Omar Al-Ubaydli & John A. List & Danielle LoRe & Dana Suskind, 2017.
"Scaling for Economists: Lessons from the Non-Adherence Problem in the Medical Literature,"
Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 31(4), pages 125-144, Fall.
- Omar Al-Ubaydli & John List & Danielle LoRe & Dana Suskind, 2017. "Scaling for economists: lessons from the non-adherence problem in the medical literature," Artefactual Field Experiments 00616, The Field Experiments Website.
- Frisancho, Verónica, 2023. "Spillover Effects of Financial Education: The Impact of School-Based Programs on Parents," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 12696, Inter-American Development Bank.
- Veronica Frisancho, 2023. "Is School-Based Financial Education Effective? Immediate and Long-Lasting Impacts on High School Students," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 133(651), pages 1147-1180.
- William Jack & Tavneet Suri, 2014. "Risk Sharing and Transactions Costs: Evidence from Kenya's Mobile Money Revolution," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 104(1), pages 183-223, January.
- Omar Al-Ubaydli & Chien-Yu Lai & John A. List, 2023.
"A Simple Rational Expectations Model of the Voltage Effect,"
NBER Working Papers
30850, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Omar Al-Ubaydli & Jason Chien-Yu & John List, 2023. "A Simple Rational Expectations Model Of The Voltage Effect," Artefactual Field Experiments 00766, The Field Experiments Website.
- Manuela Angelucci & Giacomo De Giorgi, 2009. "Indirect Effects of an Aid Program: How Do Cash Transfers Affect Ineligibles' Consumption?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 99(1), pages 486-508, March.
- Samuli Knüpfer & Elias Rantapuska & Matti Sarvimäki, 2023. "Social Interaction in the Family: Evidence from Investors’ Security Holdings," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 27(4), pages 1297-1327.
- Sandra E. Black & Paul J. Devereux & Petter Lundborg & Kaveh Majlesi, 2017.
"On the Origins of Risk-Taking in Financial Markets,"
Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 72(5), pages 2229-2278, October.
- E. Black, Sandra & Devereux, Paul & Lundborg, Petter & Majlesi, Kaveh, 2015. "On The Origins of Risk-Taking in Financial Markets," Knut Wicksell Working Paper Series 2015/7, Lund University, Knut Wicksell Centre for Financial Studies.
- Doi, Yoko & McKenzie, David & Zia, Bilal, 2014. "Who you train matters: Identifying combined effects of financial education on migrant households," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 39-55.
- Johannes Haushofer & Jeremy Shapiro, 2016. "The Short-term Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers to the Poor: ExperimentalEvidence from Kenya," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 131(4), pages 1973-2042.
- Xavier Giné & Ghazala Mansuri, 2018.
"Together We Will: Experimental Evidence on Female Voting Behavior in Pakistan,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 10(1), pages 207-235, January.
- Gine, Xavier & Mansuri, Ghazala, 2011. "Together we will : experimental evidence on female voting behavior in Pakistan," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5692, The World Bank.
- David McKenzie & Susana Puerto, 2021.
"Growing Markets through Business Training for Female Entrepreneurs: A Market-Level Randomized Experiment in Kenya,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 13(2), pages 297-332, April.
- Mckenzie,David J. & Puerto,Susana & Mckenzie,David J. & Puerto,Susana, 2017. "Growing markets through business training for female entrepreneurs : a market-level randomized experiment in Kenya," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7993, The World Bank.
- McKenzie, David & Puerto, Olga Susana, 2017. "Growing Markets through Business Training for Female Entrepreneurs: A Market-Level Randomized Experiment in Kenya," IZA Discussion Papers 10615, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Riley, Emma, 2018. "Mobile money and risk sharing against village shocks," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 43-58.
- Sarah Baird & J. Aislinn Bohren & Craig McIntosh & Berk Özler, 2018. "Optimal Design of Experiments in the Presence of Interference," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 100(5), pages 844-860, December.
Most related items
These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.- Kaiser, Tim & Hamdan, Jana & Menkhoff, Lukas & Xu, Yuanwei, 2024. "Scaling up financial education: Evidence from a randomized saturation experiment," VfS Annual Conference 2024 (Berlin): Upcoming Labor Market Challenges 302424, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Tim Kaiser & Annamaria Lusardi, 2024.
"Financial Literacy and Financial Education: An Overview,"
CESifo Working Paper Series
11070, CESifo.
- Lusardi, Annamaria & Kaiser, Tim, 2024. "Financial literacy and financial education: An overview," CEPR Discussion Papers 19185, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Kaiser, Tim & Lusardi, Annamaria, 2024. "Financial Literacy and Financial Education: An Overview," IZA Discussion Papers 16926, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Tim Kaiser & Annamaria Lusardi, 2024. "Financial Literacy and Financial Education: An Overview," NBER Working Papers 32355, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Kaiser, Tim & Menkhoff, Lukas, 2022.
"Active learning improves financial education: Experimental evidence from Uganda,"
Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
- Tim Kaiser & Lukas Menkhoff, 2022. "Active Learning Improves Financial Education: Experimental Evidence from Uganda," CESifo Working Paper Series 9661, CESifo.
- Tim Kaiser & Lukas Menkhoff, 2017.
"Does Financial Education Impact Financial Literacy and Financial Behavior, and If So, When?,"
The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 31(3), pages 611-630.
- Tim Kaiser & Lukas Menkhoff, 2016. "Does Financial Education Impact Financial Literacy and Financial Behavior, and if So, When?," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1562, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Kaiser, Tim & Menkhoff, Lukas, 2017. "Does Financial Education Impact Financial Literacy and Financial Behavior, and if so, When?," Rationality and Competition Discussion Paper Series 37, CRC TRR 190 Rationality and Competition.
- Kaiser,Tim & Menkhoff,Lukas, 2017. "Does financial education impact financial literacy and financial behavior, and if so, when ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 8161, The World Bank.
- Kaiser, Tim & Menkhoff, Lukas, 2018. "Active Learning Improves Financial Education:," Rationality and Competition Discussion Paper Series 131, CRC TRR 190 Rationality and Competition.
- Tim Kaiser & Lukas Menkhoff, 2018. "Active Learning Fosters Financial Behavior: Experimental Evidence," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1743, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Nicole Jonker & Anneke Kosse, 2022. "The interplay of financial education, financial inclusion and financial stability and the role of Big Tech," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 40(4), pages 612-635, October.
- Hakizimfura, Emmanuel & Randall, Douglas & Zia, Bilal, 2020. "Decentralized delivery of financial education: Experimental evidence from Rwanda," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
- Catia Batista & Sandra Sequeira & Pedro C. Vicente, 2022.
"Closing the Gender Profit Gap?,"
Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(12), pages 8553-8567, December.
- Batista, Catia & Sequeira, Sandra & Vicente, Pedro C., 2021. "Closing the Gender Profit Gap?," IZA Discussion Papers 14781, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Batista, Catia & Sequeira, Sandra & Vicente, Pedro C., 2022. "Closing the gender profit gap?," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 117712, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Sequeira, Sandra & Vicente, Pedro & Batista, Catia, 2021. "Closing the Gender Profit Gap," CEPR Discussion Papers 15916, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Catia Batista & Sandra Sequeira & Pedro C. Vicente, 2021. "Closing the gender profit gap," NOVAFRICA Working Paper Series wp2104, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics, NOVAFRICA.
- Kaiser, Tim & Menkhoff, Lukas, 2020.
"Financial education in schools: A meta-analysis of experimental studies,"
Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
- Tim Kaiser & Lukas Menkhoff, 2018. "Financial Education in Schools: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies," CESifo Working Paper Series 7395, CESifo.
- Kaiser, Tim & Menkhoff, Lukas, 2019. "Financial Education in Schools: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies," Rationality and Competition Discussion Paper Series 187, CRC TRR 190 Rationality and Competition.
- Pierre Bachas & Paul Gertler & Sean Higgins & Enrique Seira, 2021.
"How Debit Cards Enable the Poor to Save More,"
Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 76(4), pages 1913-1957, August.
- Pierre Bachas & Paul Gertler & Sean Higgins & Enrique Seira, 2017. "How Debit Cards Enable the Poor to Save More," NBER Working Papers 23252, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Gregory Mvogo & Christèle Gladisse Awounang Djouaka, 2022. "Effet du mobile money sur la résilience des ménages exerçant des activités génératrices de revenus au Cameroun," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 34(4), pages 459-471, December.
- Ablam Estel Apeti, 2022. "Household welfare in the digital age: Assessing the effect of mobile money on household consumption volatility in developing countries," Post-Print hal-03819779, HAL.
- Steinert, Janina Isabel & Cluver, Lucie Dale & Meinck, Franziska & Doubt, Jenny & Vollmer, Sebastian, 2018. "Household economic strengthening through financial and psychosocial programming: Evidence from a field experiment in South Africa," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 443-466.
- Yao, Becatien & Shanoyan, Aleksan & Schwab, Ben & Amanor-Boadu, Vincent, 2023. "The role of mobile money in household resilience: Evidence from Kenya," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
- Nicole Jonker & Anneke Kosse, 2020.
"The Interplay of Financial Education, Financial Literacy, Financial Inclusion and Financial Stability: Any Lessons for the Current Big Tech Era?,"
Staff Working Papers
20-32, Bank of Canada.
- Nicole Jonker & Anneke Kosse, 2020. "The interplay of financial education, financial literacy, financial inclusion and financial, stability: Any lessons for the current Big Tech era?," Working Papers 692, DNB.
- Jean N. Lee & Jonathan Morduch & Saravana Ravindran & Abu Shonchoy & Hassan Zaman, 2021. "Poverty and Migration in the Digital Age: Experimental Evidence on Mobile Banking in Bangladesh," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 13(1), pages 38-71, January.
- Francis J. DiTraglia & Camilo Garcia-Jimeno & Rossa O'Keeffe-O'Donovan & Alejandro Sanchez-Becerra, 2020. "Identifying Causal Effects in Experiments with Spillovers and Non-compliance," Papers 2011.07051, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2023.
- Gui, Zhengqing & Huang, Yangguang & Zhao, Xiaojian, 2021. "Whom to educate? Financial literacy and investor awareness," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
- Fenella Carpena & Shawn Cole & Jeremy Shapiro & Bilal Zia, 2019.
"The ABCs of Financial Education: Experimental Evidence on Attitudes, Behavior, and Cognitive Biases,"
Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 65(1), pages 346-369, January.
- Carpena,Fenella & Cole,Shawn A. & Shapiro,Jeremy & Zia,Bilal Husnain, 2015. "The ABCs of financial education : experimental evidence on attitudes, behavior, and cognitive biases," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7413, The World Bank.
More about this item
Keywords
scaling; business training; financial literacy; micro-entrepreneurs; mobile money; spillover effects; saturation effects;All these keywords.
JEL classification:
- C93 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Field Experiments
- D14 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Household Saving; Personal Finance
- G53 - Financial Economics - - Household Finance - - - Financial Literacy
- O12 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
NEP fields
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:- NEP-ENT-2024-12-16 (Entrepreneurship)
- NEP-EXP-2024-12-16 (Experimental Economics)
- NEP-FLE-2024-12-16 (Financial Literacy and Education)
- NEP-INV-2024-12-16 (Investment)
- NEP-PAY-2024-12-16 (Payment Systems and Financial Technology)
Statistics
Access and download statisticsCorrections
All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11431. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.
If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .
If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Klaus Wohlrabe (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/cesifde.html .
Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.