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Shared ride services in North America: definitions, impacts, and the future of pooling

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  • Shaheen, Susan
  • Cohen, Adam

Abstract

Shared ride services allow riders to share a ride to a common destination. They include ridesharing (carpooling and vanpooling); ridesplitting (a pooled version of ridesourcing/transportation network companies); taxi sharing; and microtransit. In recent years, growth of Internet-enabled wireless technologies, global satellite systems, and cloud computing - coupled with data sharing – are causing people to increase their use of mobile applications to share a ride. Some shared ride services, such as carpooling and vanpooling, can provide transportation, infrastructure, environmental, and social benefits. This paper reviews common shared ride service models, definitions, and summarises existing North American impact studies. Additionally, we explore the convergence of shared mobility; electrification; and automation, including the potential impacts of shared automated vehicle (SAV) systems. While SAV impacts remain uncertain, many practitioners and academic research predict higher efficiency, affordability, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. The impacts of SAVs will likely depend on the number of personally owned automated vehicles; types of sharing (concurrent or sequential); and the future modal split among public transit, shared fleets, and pooled rides. We conclude the paper with recommendations for local governments and public agencies to help in managing the transition to highly automated vehicles and encouraging higher occupancy modes.

Suggested Citation

  • Shaheen, Susan & Cohen, Adam, 2018. "Shared ride services in North America: definitions, impacts, and the future of pooling," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt2wr9q8c2, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    • Handle: RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt2wr9q8c2
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    7. Shaheen, Susan PhD & Chan, Nelson & Gaynor, Theresa, 2016. "Casual Carpooling in the San Francisco Bay Area: Understanding User Characteristics, Behaviors, and Motivations," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt4dh2h0rf, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Shiraki, Hiroto & Matsumoto, Ken'ichi & Shigetomi, Yosuke & Ehara, Tomoki & Ochi, Yuki & Ogawa, Yuki, 2020. "Factors affecting CO2 emissions from private automobiles in Japan: The impact of vehicle occupancy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    3. Wesley Darling & Jacquelyn Broader & Adam Cohen & Susan Shaheen, 2023. "Going My Way? Understanding Curb Management and Incentive Policies to Increase Pooling Service Use and Public Transit Linkages in the San Francisco Bay Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-20, September.
    4. Soria, Jason & Stathopoulos, Amanda, 2021. "Investigating socio-spatial differences between solo ridehailing and pooled rides in diverse communities," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    5. Jens Schippl & Annika Arnold, 2020. "Stakeholders’ Views on Multimodal Urban Mobility Futures: A Matter of Policy Interventions or Just the Logical Result of Digitalization?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-16, April.
    6. Krauss, Konstantin & Scherrer, Aline & Burghard, Uta & Schuler, Johannes & Burger, Axel Michael & Doll, Claus, 2020. "Sharing Economy in der Mobilität: Potenzielle Nutzung und Akzeptanz geteilter Mobilitätsdienste in urbanen Räumen in Deutschland," Working Papers "Sustainability and Innovation" S06/2020, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI).
    7. Lavieri, Patrícia S. & Bhat, Chandra R., 2019. "Modeling individuals’ willingness to share trips with strangers in an autonomous vehicle future," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 242-261.
    8. Lars E. Olsson & Raphaela Maier & Margareta Friman, 2019. "Why Do They Ride with Others? Meta-Analysis of Factors Influencing Travelers to Carpool," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-16, April.
    9. María J. Alonso-González & Oded Cats & Niels van Oort & Sascha Hoogendoorn-Lanser & Serge Hoogendoorn, 0. "What are the determinants of the willingness to share rides in pooled on-demand services?," Transportation, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-33.
    10. Barbour, Elisa & Alvarez-Coria, Rosanely & Anderson, Hayden & Hosseinzade, Rey & Turner, Katherine & Handy, Susan, 2023. "Barriers to Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Transportation Part 3: The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Travel Patterns," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt5q0076tq, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    11. Darling, Wesley & Broader, Jacquelyn & Cohen, Adam & Shaheen, Susan PhD, 2023. "Going My Way? Understanding Curb Management and Incentive Policies to Increase Pooling Service Use and Public Transit Linkages in the San Francisco Bay Area," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt73f4d4bc, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    12. Doll, Claus & Krauss, Konstantin, 2022. "Nachhaltige Mobilität und innovative Geschäftsmodelle," Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem 10-2022, Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation (EFI) - Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation, Berlin.
    13. Shaheen, Susan & Darling, Wesley & Broader, Jacquelyn & Cohen, Adam, 2021. "Understanding Curb Management and Targeted Incentive Policies to Increase Transportation Network Company Pooling and Public Transit Linkages," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt6gz9w0v9, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    14. Kai Zhang & Hongwei Guo & Guangzheng Yao & Chenggang Li & Yujie Zhang & Wuhong Wang, 2018. "Modeling Acceptance of Electric Vehicle Sharing Based on Theory of Planned Behavior," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-14, December.
    15. Aghaabbasi, Mahdi & Shekari, Zohreh Asadi & Shah, Muhammad Zaly & Olakunle, Oloruntobi & Armaghani, Danial Jahed & Moeinaddini, Mehdi, 2020. "Predicting the use frequency of ride-sourcing by off-campus university students through random forest and Bayesian network techniques," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 262-281.
    16. María J. Alonso-González & Oded Cats & Niels van Oort & Sascha Hoogendoorn-Lanser & Serge Hoogendoorn, 2021. "What are the determinants of the willingness to share rides in pooled on-demand services?," Transportation, Springer, vol. 48(4), pages 1733-1765, August.
    17. Lei Wang & Wenxiang Li & Jinxian Weng & Dong Zhang & Wanjing Ma, 2023. "Do low-carbon rewards incentivize people to ridesplitting? Evidence from structural analysis," Transportation, Springer, vol. 50(5), pages 2077-2109, October.
    18. Jason Soria & Shelly Etzioni & Yoram Shiftan & Amanda Stathopoulos & Eran Ben-Elia, 2022. "Microtransit adoption in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a choice experiment with transit and car commuters," Papers 2204.01974, arXiv.org.

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